Anatomy and Physiology- Neuromuscular system

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  • Created by: AliceTori
  • Created on: 11-05-17 10:17
Autonomic nervous system
regulates the function of our internal organs and also controls some of our skeletal muscles
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Neuromuscular system
where the nerves and the muscles work together to allow movement
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Changes in the neuromuscular system occur...
before, during and after exercise
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Peripheral nervous system
is composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems and their role is to transmit information from the brain to the parts of the body that need to adjust what they are doing to prepare for exercise
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Sympathetic Nervous system
prepares the body for exercise and is referred to as the 'fight or flight response'
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Parasympathetic nervous system
relaxes the body after exercise by slowing down may high energy functions and is often referred to as 'rest and relax'
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Muscle fibre types
Slow oxidative (type I) aka slow twitch, Fast oxidative glycolytic (type IIa), Fast glycolytic (type IIb)
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The proportions of muscles fibres is determined by...
mainly genetics
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Postural muscles contain more...
slow twitch fibres as they are involved in maintaining body position over a long period of time
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Slow twitch fibres...
contract more slowly and do not fatigue quickly
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Slow twitch fibres are used in...
endurance runners who use aerobic system to supply the majority of their energy
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Aerobic
means 'with oxygen so it refers to exercise that is low to medium intensity where the oxygen demand of the muscles can be met
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Fast twitch fibres...
contract quickly and generate a lot of force
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Fast twitch fibres are used by...
power athletes such as sprinters
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Anerobic
means 'without oxygen' and refers to exercise at high intensity such as sprinting, where the demand for oxygen by the muscles is so high that it cannot be met
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Type IIa- fast oxidative glycolytic...
these fibres are more resistant to fatigue and are used for events such as 1500m in athletes where a longer burst of energy is needed
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Type IIb- fast glycolytic...
these fibres fatigue much more quickly than type IIa and are used for highly explosive events such as the 100m in athletics where a quick short burst of energy is required
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Effects of training on muscle fibre types
it is possible to increase the size of muscle fibres through training
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Hypertrophy
where the muscle has become bigger and stronger
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Motor unit
a motor neurone and its muscle fibres
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Motor neurones
nerve cells which transmit the brain's instructions as electrical impulses to the muscles
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Neuromuscular junction
where the motor neurone and the muscle fibre meet
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Muscle fibres work with the nervous system to...
allow a contraction can occur
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All or none law
where a sequence of impulses has to be of sufficient intensity to stimulate all of the muscle fibres in a motor unit in order for them to contract. If not, none will contract
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Motor unit types
slow twitch and fast twitch
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Slow twitch motor units...
are recruited for low intensity activities such as jogging or long distance swimming
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Fast twitch motor units...
are recruited for high intensity activities such as sprinting or power lifting
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Wave summation
where there is a repeated nerve impulse with no time to relax so a smooth, sustained contraction occurs, rather than twitches
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Tetanic contraction
a sustained muscle contraction caused by a series of fast repeating stimulus
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Spatial summation
when the strength of a contraction changes by altering the number and size of the muscle's motor units
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PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation)
an advanced stretching technique that is considered the most effective method of flexibility training for increasing the range of motion
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Most practical PNF method is...
the CRAC technique (contract-relax-antagonist-contract)
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Proprioceptors
sensory organs in muscles, tendons and joints that inform the body of the extent of movement that has taken place
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Muscle spindles
these detect how far and how fast a muscle is being stretched and produced stretch reflex
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Golgi tendon organs
these are activated when there is tension in a muscle
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Muscle spindles are...
very sensitive proprioceptors that lie between skeletal muscle fibres (often called stretch receptors)
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Muscle spindles also...
contract using the stretch reflex so that the muscle contracts in order to prevent over stretching to reduce the risk of injury
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Golgi tendon organs are...
found between the muscle fibre and tendon and detect levels of tension in a muscle
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Isometric contraction
where there is tension in a muscle but no visible movement
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Autogenic inhibition
where there is a sudden relaxation of the muscle in response to high tension. The receptors involved in this process are golgi tendon organs
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

where the nerves and the muscles work together to allow movement

Back

Neuromuscular system

Card 3

Front

before, during and after exercise

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

is composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems and their role is to transmit information from the brain to the parts of the body that need to adjust what they are doing to prepare for exercise

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

prepares the body for exercise and is referred to as the 'fight or flight response'

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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