glassy-smooth cartilage which covers the ends of a bone at a joint
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function of articular cartilage
- protects the end of the bone
- prevents friction
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structure of synovial fluid
slippery fluid within the joint cavity
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function of the synovial fluid
prevents friction between articular cartilage
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structure of a ligament
elastic strong band of fibrous connective tissue
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function of a ligament
connects bones and stabilises joints
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describe the sagittal plane
- runs vertically from front to back
- divides the body into left and right
- flexion and extension occurs
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describe the frontal plane
- runs vertically from side to side
- divides body into anterior and posterior
- abduction and adduction occurs
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describe the transverse plane
- runs horizontally from side to side
- divides the body into superior and inferior
- rotation occurs
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what is an agonist
the muscle directly responsible for the movement of a joint
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what is an antagonist
the muscle that has an action opposite to that of the agonist
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antagonistic pairs when flexion occurs at the elbow
bicep brachia and tricep brachii
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antagonistic pairs when abduction, flexion and extension occurs at the elbow
anterior, middle and posterior deltoid
latissimus dorsi
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antagonistic pairs when flexion at the knee occurs
- semitendinosus, semibranosus and bicep femosis
- vastus intermedius, vastus medalis, vastus lateralis and rectus femoris
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4 types of muscular contractions
isotonic and isometric
- concentric and eccentric (isotonic)
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explain what an isotonic contraction is
with movement a muscle changes length
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what is concentric and eccentric
- concentric is when a muscle shortens
- eccentric is when a muscle lengthens
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explain how muscle contract using muscle fibres
1. impulse is initiated from the motor neuron cell body
2. impulse travels down the motor unit axon to the end plates
3. the impulse travels by nerve action potential
4. neurotransmitter acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft
5. if the electr
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how is a stronger contraction achieved
more motor units are recruited
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what training ratio is used to train slow oxidative fibres
1:1
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what training ratio is used to train fast glycolytic fibres
1:2
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how long should be left between sessions after training fast glycolytic fibres
48 hours
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what is the structure of SO fibres
- many mitochondria
- high density of myoglobin
- high capillary density
- low PC stores
- small neuron size
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what is the functional characteristics of SO fibres
- slow contraction speed
- low force of contraction
- high resistance to fatigue
- high aerobic capacity
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what is the structure of FOG fibres
- moderate mitochondria
- moderate density of myoglobin
- moderate capillary density
- high PC stores
- large neuron size
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what is the functional characteristics of FOG fibres
- fast contraction speed
- high force of contraction
- moderate resistance to fatigue
- moderate aerobic capacity
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what is the structural characteristics of FG fibres
- few mitochondria
- low density of myoglobin
- low capillary density
- high PC stores
- large neuron size
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what are the functional characteristics of FG fibres
- fast contraction speed
- high force of contraction
- high resistance to fatigue
- low aerobic capacity
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examples of sports for
1 - SO fibres
2 - FOG fibres
3- FG fibres
1 - endurance such as a marathon
2 - middle distance such as 1500
3 - short distance such as 100m sprint
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name what the structural characteristics are in muscle fibres
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