A-Level PE Chapter 1.1 (Year 1/AS book)

Definitions of key terms from Chapter 1.1 of the AQA A-Level PE (Year 1/AS) book

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The capacity of the heart to generate its own pulse
Myogenic
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A small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat. It is more commonly the pacemaker
Sinoatrial node
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This node relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart
Atrioventricular node
3 of 37
When the heart contracts
Systole
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A collection of the heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the AVN via the bundle branches to the ventricles
Bundle of His
5 of 37
Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricle
Purkinje Fibres
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The part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up heart rate
Sympathetic system
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A part of the autonomic nervous system that decrease heart rate
Parasympathetic system
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The most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate
Medulla oblongata
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Ting structures in the carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in blood acidity caused by an increase or decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide
Chemoreceptors
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Special sensors in tissues in the aortic arch, carotid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels that respond to changes in blood pressure to either increase or decrease heart rate
Baroreceptors
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Sensory nerve endings in the muscles, tendons and joints that detect changes in muscles movement
Proprioceptors
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A stress hormone that is re;eased by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise which causes an increase in heart rate
Adrenaline
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The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction
Stroke volume
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When the heart relaxes to fill with blood
Diastole phase
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The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat
Ejection fraction
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The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute
Cardiac output
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The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger, also can mean a larger ventricle cavity
Cardiac hypertrophy
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A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 beats per minute
Bradycardia
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Occurs when arteries harden and narrow as they become clogged up by fatty deposits
Atherosclerosis
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A fatty deposit found in the inner lining of an artery
Atheroma
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Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles of the heart is restricted
Angina
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A ______ occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off
Stroke
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Where the athlete is able to meet oxygen demand with the oxygen supply
Steady state
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The force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall
Blood pressure
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The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting
Systolic pressure
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The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing
Diastolic pressure
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The return of the blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava
Venous return
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The fluid part of blood that surrounds blood cells and transports them
Plasma
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An iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells, which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
Haemoglobin
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Often called 'muscle haemoglobin'. It is an iron-containing muscle pigment in slow-twitch muscle fibres which has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin
Myoglobin
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Often referred to as the 'powerhouse' of the cell as respiration and energy production occur there
Mitochondria
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When an increase in blood carbon dioxide ans a decrease in pH results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen
Bohr shift
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The redistrobution of cardiac output
Vascular shunt mechanism
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The widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into the capillaries
Vasodilation
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The narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce blood flow into the capillaries
Vasoconstriction
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The difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles
Arterio-venous difference
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat. It is more commonly the pacemaker

Back

Sinoatrial node

Card 3

Front

This node relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

When the heart contracts

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

A collection of the heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the AVN via the bundle branches to the ventricles

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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