A Level Geography - Regeneration

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  • Created by: Read_Will
  • Created on: 23-06-21 09:06
What are the different types of economic activity and what do they involve?
-Primary economy (harvesting of materials)
-Secondary economy (processing of materials)
-Tertiary economy (services like waiters)
-Quaternary economy (IT and software development)
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What type of economic activity happens in rural areas?
Mainly primary
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What type of economic activity happens in urban areas?
Secondary and tertiary (80% tertiary)
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What are the types of employment?
-Self employed
-Zero hour contracts
-Permanent or fixed contracts
-Illegal work
-Temporary workers
-Seasonal workers
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What are the disadvantages of primary economic activity?
-People in a primary economy have a higher risk of poorer health and mortality
-Negative externalities of extracting resources
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What are food deserts?
Areas with high proportions of fast food and a low proportion of fresh food
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What are some factors affecting life expectancy?
-Gender
-Income
-Occupation
-Education
-Access to healthcare
-Lifestyle choices
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How do you measure inequality?
Index of Multiple Deprivation
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What are possible indicators of deprivation used in the index of multiple deprivation?
-Income
-Employment
-Health deprivation or disability
-Education and training
-Crime
-Access to housing
-Environment to live in
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What are the problems with measuring indicators?
-Cannot measure all variables
-Some variables are hard to measure (e.g. stress)
-Value judgements are made
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What are some function of places?
-Commercial function
-Industrial function
-Administrative function
-Retail function
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What are some demographic characteristics of places?
-Age of population
-Gentrification
-Ethnic composition
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What is gentrification?
Gentrification is the process that sees low-income groups displaced by affluent people who usually have professional or managerial occupations
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What are some reasons for change in place?
-Planning restrictions
-Clone high streets (streets that could be the same anywhere in the country)
-Transportation
-Digital revolution (internet shopping, online banking and remote working)
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How can you measure change in places?
-Levels of deprivation
-Demographic changes
-Land use changes
-Employment trends
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What are some examples of international and global influences that affect place?
-TNC's and global retailers
-International airports
-Twinning arrangements
-International trade agreements
-Migration
-EU
-Global tourism opportunities
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What are some historic influences on place?
-Historic features
-Previous perception of place and image
-Past connections
-Historic ethnic composition
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Name three informal methods of affecting perception of place
-Tourist boards
-Development agencies
-Advertising agencies
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Name three formal methods of affecting perception of place
-GIS
-Data
-Government representations
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What is lived experience?
Lived experience of a place involves the feelings and personal history of living in a certain place
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How can you determine the amount of community engagement?
-National election turnout
-Local election turnout
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What effects the election turnout?
-Language barriers
-Lack of trust in politicians
-Feeling of why bother
-Lack of sense of community
-Rationality of voting (can't actually influence any decision)
-Community group influence
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What is attachment?
Attachment is a bond between an individual and a community/place.
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What could improve the sense of attachment?
-Stage of life cycle (different age want to live in different places)
-Memories
-Ethnicity and shared culture
-Length of residence
-Studentification
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What are the positive effects of migration?
-More culturally diverse nations
-Migrants fill skill shortages
-European and international migrants are from a desirable demographic
-Many migrants are students (+tax)
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What are the negative effects of migration?
-Migrants put more pressure on social services
-Migrant workers may be hired over British workers and therefore leading to cultural divide and greater breakdown of communities
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What are some characteristics of successful regions?
-Attract people/workers and investment
-Have good transport and technological infrastructure
-Have few areas suffering high deprivation
-Problems arising from success (high price houses)
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What are some characteristics of less successful regions?
-Declining rates of investment, high rates of deprivation and de-industrialisation
-Long standing negative perceptions
-High levels of unhappiness and low motivation
-Poor levels of educational attainment
-Ageing populations
-Negative multiplier
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What are the priorities for regeneration?
-Declining rural settlements
-Sink estates
-Gated communities
-Commuter villages
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What are declining rural settlements?
-Not enough affordable housing for young adults to grow up
-Causes young people to migrate and therefore leading to a spiral of decline
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What are sink estates?
-Social housing estates that are perceived as the least desirable places to live
-They tend to house the lowest income residents who are often the most in need of support
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What are gated communities?
-Places where wealthy residents are fenced off from others
-These communities usually have security gates and entry systems
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What are commuter villagers?
-Commuter villages often don't have enough services for their populations so people will commute to access them
-Commuter villages are often surrounded by greenbelt land, making housing supply fixed
-This means house prices are very high
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What are some causes of tensions and conflicts between communities?
-Different political views
-Social polarisation (income inequality and lack of economic opportunity
-Frustration about position in society
-Discrimination and prejudice
-Regeneration priorities
-Marginalised groups
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What are competing priorities?
Competing priorities is when spending money on one thing means that another can not be done. This is called opportunity cost and is the cost of missing out on the next best thing.
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What are some UK government policies that facilitate regeneration?
-Planning gain
-Greenbelt laws
-HS2
-Energy development
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What is planning gain?
Where developers only get planning permission if a certain percentage of the proposed housing is affordable
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What are some local government policies to attract investment?
-Attracting businesses and workers
-Science parks
-Attractive business environment with high competition
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Name three examples of interest groups?
-Environmental protection groups
-Chambers of commerce
-Trade unions
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Name 4 regeneration strategies?
-Tourism/Leisure led
-Retail led
-Sport led
-Culture led
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What are some rebranding strategies in rural areas?
-Museums
-Tourist attractions
-Heritage and deindustrialization tours
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What are some rebranding strategies in urban areas?
-Specialist farms
-Farm shops
-Campsites
-Art and music festivals
-Outdoor leisure
-Planting woodland and improving environment
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How can you measure regeneration using social indicators?
-Net migration
-Demographic change
-Reduction in inequality
-Improvement in life expectancy
-Improvements of educational attainment
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How can you measure regeneration using environmental indicators?
-Improvements in the quality of air and water
-Improvements in the amount of green space
-Improvements in environmental stress
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How can you measure regeneration using economic indicators?
-Increase in local income levels
-Improved economic performance according to a before/after comparison
-Changes in employment and unemployment in the local area
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What are stakeholders?
Stakeholders are individuals or groups (e.g residents, businesses and local councils) that have an interest in the success of an area.
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Why might stakeholders not agree if an area has been successfully regenerated?
-Change in character of place post regeneration meaning memories may be tarnished
-Cultural erosion as new people enter area
-Change in demographic
-Political views
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What is the attitude of the national government as a stakeholder?
-They are likely to want to fit as many regional developments strategies as possible into their plans
-They also want to achieve the macroeconomic objectives
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What is the attitude of a property developer as a stakeholder?
Seek to maximise profits
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What is the attitude of local businesses as a stakeholder?
Local businesses will want to increase footfall, sales and profits, but they are unlikely to want to see an increase in competition
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What is the attitude of the local government as a stakeholder?
-Attract investment
-Raise living standards
-Reduce deprivation levels
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What is the attitude of residents as a stakeholder?
-Higher quality housing at lower prices
-More employment opportunities
-Better community facilities
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Which stakeholder in regeneration schemes is most likely to want to rent houses at the lowest possible price?
Residents
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Which stakeholder in regeneration schemes is most likely to want to rent houses or offices at a higher price?
Property developers
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Card 2

Front

What type of economic activity happens in rural areas?

Back

Mainly primary

Card 3

Front

What type of economic activity happens in urban areas?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the types of employment?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the disadvantages of primary economic activity?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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