5.2.2 Respiration Key Words

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Dehydrogenation
Removal of hydrogen from a molecule
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Electron Carriers
Also known as cytochromes. Contain a haem group that can be reduced in order to carry an electron
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Electron Transfer Chain
Moves electrons from donors to acceptors in order to facilitate the movement of protons into the intermembrane space
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Endergonic
Chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and energy is absorbed
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Exergonic
Chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is negative, and energy is released
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Endothermic
Chemical reaction that the potential energy of the products is greater than the reactants thus the net energy transfer is into the system
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Exothermic
Chemical reaction that the potential energy of the products is lower than the reactants thus the net energy transfer is to the surroundings
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Facultative Anaerobes
Organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent
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FAD
Flavin adenine dinucleotide. Reduced to form reduced FAD which acts as a source of high energy electrons for the electron transport chain and also a source of protons to power the electrochemical gradient necessary for ATP synthesis
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Fermentation
Glucose is converted into pyruvate in glycolysis. Pyruvate is converted into Ethanal by pyruvate decarboxylase (releasing carbon dioxide) and ethanal is converted into ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase
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Final Electron Acceptor
The last molecule to be reduced in a metabolic pathway
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Gluconeogenesis
Metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids
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Glucose
Hexose monosaccharide important for cellular respiration
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Glucose Isomerase
Isomerises glucose to fructose which is important for glycolysis
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Glycogenesis
Process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage
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Glycogenosis
Glycogen Storage Disease is the result of defects in the processing of glycogen synthesis or breakdown
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Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Site of the Electron Transport Chain and thus, ATP synthesis
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Hexose Bisphosphate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. This is then hydrolysed into G3P which is dephosphorylsed to form pyruvate
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Krebs Cycle
Series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate ATP, NADH and reduced FAD
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Lactate
The end product of anaerobic respiration
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Lactate Dehydrogenase
Catalyses the conversion of lactate to pyruvate
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Lactate Fermentation
Anaerobic respiration in some bacterial and animal cells where glucose is converted to lactate
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Link Reaction
Pyruvate reduces NAD and is decarboxylated. With the addition of coenzyme A, it forms acetyl CoA
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Mitochondrial Matrix
Space within the inner membrane and site of ATP synthesis
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NAD
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Reduced to form NADH which acts as a source of high energy electrons for the electron transport chain and also a source of protons to power the electrochemical gradient necessary for ATP synthesis
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Obligate Aerobes
Organisms that can only respire aerobically and will therefore die when there is a lack of oxygen
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Obligate Anaerobes
Organisms that can only respire anaerobically and will therefore die when there is a presence of oxygen
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Outer Mitochondrial Membrane
Freely permeable to ions, ATP and small molecules. Larger molecules are moved via active transport through carrier proteins
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Oxaloacetate
Intermediate in the Krebs cycle and forms citric acid when reacted with acetyl CoA
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Oxidation
Loss of electrons
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
Metabolic pathway that cells use to oxidise cytochromes in order to produce energy to reform ATP
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Phosphorylation
The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
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Proton Gradient
Unequal distribution of charge that generates the proton motive force that drives proton diffusion
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Pyruvate
3 carbon molecule that is an important metabolite for cellular respiration
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Reduction
Gain of electrons
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Respiration
Process in which nutrients are converted into useful energy within a cell
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Respirometer
Device which measures the rate of consumption of oxygen by a living organism
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Respiratory Quotient
Carbon dioxide eliminated divided by oxygen consumed
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Respiratory Substrate
Molecule that can drive respiration thus producing energy in the form of ATP
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Substrate Level Phosphorylation
formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphoryl group to ADP from another phosphorylated compound
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Triose Phosphate
An intermediate in the Calvin cycle that is formed from G3P
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Acetyl coenzyme A
Convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle
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Activation Energy
The minimum energy required for a reaction to take place
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Adenosine Diphosphate
Organic compound necessary for the transfer of energy
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Adenosine Triphosphate
Organic compound necessary for the transfer of energy, holds more energy than ADP
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Alcohol fermentation
Metabolic process which converts glucose into cellular energy with carbon dioxide and ethanol as waste products
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Chemiosmosis
Generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane down the electrochemical gradient
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Coenzyme A
Oxidises pyruvate in the Krebs cycle to form acetyl coenzyme A
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Creatine phosphate
Highly reactive intermediate that can transfer a phosphoryl group in substrate level phosphorylation
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Decarboxylation
Removal of carbon dioxide
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Card 2

Front

Also known as cytochromes. Contain a haem group that can be reduced in order to carry an electron

Back

Electron Carriers

Card 3

Front

Moves electrons from donors to acceptors in order to facilitate the movement of protons into the intermembrane space

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and energy is absorbed

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is negative, and energy is released

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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