47.Musculoskeletal Systems

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  • Created by: kpaul1234
  • Created on: 24-05-21 22:21
Define a Skeletal Muscle
A type of muscle tissue characterized by multinucleated cells containing highly ordered arrangements of actin and myosin microfilaments. Also called striated muscle. (Contrast with cardiac muscle, smooth muscle.)
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Define a Cardiac Muscle
A type of muscle tissue that makes up, and is responsible for the beating of, the heart. Characterized by branching cells with single nuclei and a striated (striped) appearance. (Contrast with smooth muscle, skeletal muscle.)
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Define a Smooth Muscle
Muscle tissue consisting of sheets of mononucleated cells innervated by the autonomic nervous system. (Contrast with cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle.)
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Define Actin
A protein that makes up the cytoskeletal microfilaments in eukaryotic cells and is one of the two contractile proteins in muscle. (See also myosin.)
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Define myosin
One of the two contractile proteins of muscle. (See also actin.)
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Define a myofibril
A polymeric unit of actin or myosin in a muscle.
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Define a sacromere
The contractile unit of a skeletal muscle.
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Define Titin
A protein that holds bundles of myosin filaments in a centered position within the sarcomeres of muscle cells. The largest protein in the human body.
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Describe the Sliding Filament Model
Mechanism of muscle contraction based on the formation and breaking of crossbridges between actin and myosin filaments, causing the filaments to slide together.
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Define troponin
One of the three components of an actin filament; binds to actin, tropomyosin, and Ca2+.

trypsin
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Define Tropomyosin
One of the three protein components of an actin filament; controls the interactions of actin and myosin necessary for muscle contraction.
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Define a Neuromuscular junctions
Synapse (point of contact) where a motor neuron axon stimulates a muscle fiber cell.
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Define a motor unit
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls.
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Define a T tubule
A system of tubules that runs throughout the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber, through which action potentials spread.
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Define a sarcoplasm
The cytoplasm of a muscle cell.
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Define a sarcoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell.
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Define an intercalated disc
Structural features of cardiac muscle cells that connect cells together and provide electrical continuity through gap junctions.
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Define a Twitch
A muscle fiber’s minimum unit of contraction, stimulated by a single action potential.
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Define tetanus
(1) A state of sustained maximal muscular contraction caused by rapidly repeated stimulation. (2) In medicine, an often fatal disease (“lockjaw”) caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani.
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Define slow-twitch fibers
Skeletal muscle fibers specialized for sustained aerobic work; contain myoglobin and abundant mitochondria, and are well-supplied with blood vessels. Also called oxidative or red muscle fibers. (Compare to fast-twitch fibers.)
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Define fast-twitch fibers
Skeletal muscle fibers that can generate high tension rapidly, but fatigue rapidly (“sprinter” fibers). Characterized by an abundance of enzymes of glycolysis. (Compare to slow-twitch fibers.)
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Define myoglobin
An oxygen-binding molecule found in muscle. Consists of a heme unit and a single globin chain; carries less oxygen than hemoglobin.
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Define creatine phosphate (CP)
A phosphorylated creatine molecule that is abundant in skeletal muscle and can shuttle high energy phosphate from mitochondria to myofibrils.
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Define a Skeletal System
Organ systems that provide rigid supports—skeletons—against which muscles can pull to create directed movements. (See also endoskeleton, exoskeleton.)
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Define a Hydrostatic Skeleton
A fluid-filled body cavity that transfers forces from one part of the body to another when acted on by surrounding muscles.
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Define an Exoskeleton
A hard covering on the outside of the body to which muscles are attached. (Contrast with endoskeleton.)
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Define a cuticle
In plants, a waxy layer on the outer body surface that retards water loss. (2) In ecdysozoans, an outer body covering that provides protection and support and is periodically molted.
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Define an endoskeleton
An internal skeleton covered by other, soft body tissues.
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Define Cartilage
In vertebrates, a tough connective tissue found in joints, the outer ear, and elsewhere. Forms the entire skeleton in some animal groups.
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Define a Bone
A rigid component of vertebrate skeletal systems that contains an extracellular matrix of insoluble calcium phosphate crystals as well as collagen fibers.
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Define an Osteoblast
A cell that lays down the protein matrix of bone.
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Define an Osteocyte
An osteoblast that has become enclosed in lacunae within the bone it has built.
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Define an Osteoclast
A cell that dissolves bone.
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Define an Membranous bone
A type of bone that develops by forming on a scaffold of connective tissue. (Contrast with cartilage bone.)
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Define a Cartilage bone
A type of bone that begins its development as a cartilaginous structure resembling the future mature bone, then gradually hardens into mature bone. (Contrast with membranous bone.)
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Define an Epiphyseal plate
Plates of cartilage near the ends of long bones where bone growth occurs up to adolescence when growth ceases.
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Define Cancellous
A type of bone with numerous internal cavities that make it appear spongy, although it is rigid. (Contrast with compact bone.)
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Describe the Haversian System
Units of organization in compact bone that reflect the action of intercommunicating osteoblasts.
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Define a joint
In skeletal systems, a junction between two or more bones.
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Define a flexor
A muscle that flexes an appendage. (Contrast with extensor.)
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Define an extensor
A muscle that extends an appendage. (Contrast with flexor.)
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Define a ligament
A band of connective tissue linking two bones in a joint.
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Define a tendon
A collagen-containing band of tissue that connects a muscle with a bone.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define a Cardiac Muscle

Back

A type of muscle tissue that makes up, and is responsible for the beating of, the heart. Characterized by branching cells with single nuclei and a striated (striped) appearance. (Contrast with smooth muscle, skeletal muscle.)

Card 3

Front

Define a Smooth Muscle

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Define Actin

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Define myosin

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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