Tudor Essay Plans - Elizabeth and Mary I

1553-78 Foreign Policy

Successes

Mary

• Pole’s Return: 1554: Philip helped to negotiate Cardinal Pole's return to England as papal legate.
• Spanish Marriage: 1554: Mary secured a strong marriage alliance with Spanish monarch Philip, he shared same religion.
• St. Quentin Battle: 1557: Earl of Pembroke won a decisive battle at St. Quentin.
• Militia and arms act improved supply procedure of arms and equipment
• Ship Increase: 1557: Number of ships increased from 3 in 1551 to 21 in 1557

Elizabeth

• Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis: 1559: Elizabeth came to power and didn’t want Mary’s war. Made a peace treaty, and would receive £500,000 for Calais.
• Treaty of Berwick: 1560: Defeated Mary of Guise, destroyed Scot-French alliance.
• Treaty of Edinburg: 1560: Cecil achieved French withdrawal from Scotland, Scottish nobility now recognised Elizabeth as Queen.

Failures

Mary

• Spanish Marriage: 1554: Although Mary had married a powerful foreign power, England was very xenophobic and didn’t accept him, and it has been seen by many historians that she was Philip’s puppet. eg. French War.
• Mary’s War with France: 1557: Philip had convinced Mary into this war. The Privy Council knew that England could not afford a foreign war but reluctantly agreed to declare war on France. This led to the loss of Calais.
• Loss of Calais: 1558: The loss of Calais was a humiliating blow for the English government. It managed to find…