Challenges in the human environment- Urban issues and challenges in Rio

Challenges in the human environment: Urban issues and challenges

Urbanisation:

• Urbanisation is the percentage of people living in town and cities and how fast they grow

• Global urbanisation is generally increasing, in LIC/NEES the percentage of urbanisation has increased from 5% in 1950 to to being predicted at 55% in 2050

• The worlds urbanisation has also increased from being 30% in 1950 to being predicted at 70% in 2050

• The more developed countries have increased form 52% in 1950 to being predicted at 85% in 2050

• In total the difference between the most and least develop country in 2050 is predicted to be 30%

• In 1800 5% of people were living in cities, this rapidly rose to 30% in the 1950's

• In 2008, the percentage increased to 50% and by 2015 it was 66%

• Levels of urbanisation is increasing across the world, with LICs having the fastest rate

• As countries industrialise, levels of urbanisation increase as people move to cities for these jobs so their urban population is still growing

• Most HICs urbanised 100's of years ago so already have a stable urban population

• As urban areas grow outwards into rural area – this is urban sprawl

• cities with most urban growth are Delhi and Lagos- mostly in Asia, least is in Europe

Factors affecting the rate of urbanisation:

• The Brandt report says there are 2 things which affect the rate of urbanisation- push and pull factors

• Push factors make people leave an area- unemployment ,low wages,

  poverty(drought/famine/disasters),few jobs,isolation, poor healthcare,poor services

• Pull factors make people come to the area- more jobs, better housing, better healthcare

  better education, low crime rates, better transport

• Natural increase- where birth rate is higher than death rate due to young people having children,less older people and good healthcare – Cambodia

Megacities:

• A millionaire city has a population of over 1 million and there are 28 in the world- mostly LICs

• A megacity has a population of 10 million people and there are currently 35 of them

• In 1950 there were 3 - Europe, north America and Asia

• in 2014 there were 28 – 16 Asia, 4 south America, 3 Africa + Europe and 2 north America

• In 2030 they predict there will be 41 megacities

• Most mega cities are LICs/NEEs due to rapid rural-urban migration and natural increase

• Most megacities in Asia – Delhi and Tokyo

• Some megacities in south America – lema

• There are 3 types of mega city- slow growing,growing,rapid growing

• Slow growing- mostly in south east Asia,Europe,north America, population 70% urban, no slums (e.g. LA and Tokyo)

• Growing-south America,south east Asia, population 40/50% urban,20% <Slums (e.g. Rio + Mexico city)

• Rapid Growing- south/south east Asia and Africa, urban population >50%, <20% slums (eg.lagos +Mumbai)

Major city in a NEE : Rio

• Location – south America,south east coast of Brazil,west of Atlantic ocean

• Regional importance- stunning beauty, statue of Christ, major port

• national importance- major port,manufacturing industries(chemical), main services (finance,insurance)

• International importance- hosted Olympics 2016, 2nd most industrial centre produce 5% of…