Standard Grade History - Britain - Population

• Child labour - more money
• Early marriages - success of whisky/kelp etc. industries encouraged early marriage.
• Better food supply - agricultural development, railways

• Marriage less attractive (collapse of whisky+kelp indust.)
• Women and Children forbidden from working in more industries
• Elementary education became compulsory from 1870s
• Shortage of men (war/emigration)

• Clean Hospitals
• Safe anaesthetics, better medicine
• Intro of blood transfusions saved lives
• Public health improved (councils took on responded to sewage disposal)
• Councils cleared slums and provided cheap houses for rent
• Window Tax ended in 1851

• Whisky and Kelp failure
• Whisky trade crushed by gov, many couldn't afford rent
• Landowners wanted more rent, b/c of Kelp failure
• Potato Blight 1830 wiped out crop, many depended on it for survival
• Landowners evicted poor, replaced with sheep
• Highland lairds in debt, sell land, new owners keen to get rid of surplus pop.
• Railways - travel easier - deer estates + shooting hols more popular, evictions to create these.

Push:

• High rents.
• Death/disease
• bad living cons

Pull:

• More land, wealth opportunities
• Prospect of better living cons.
• Lack of workers in some company.

• Irish - escaping high rents+poverty
• Potato famine killed a million, forced another to emigrate
• Irish had network of fellow irish in scottish cities - easier to find accomodation and work
• Skilled in linen and textile
• Least paid/pleasant jobs - sugar houses
• Accused of dragging down wages
• Helped build canals/railways
• contributed and suffered religious discrimination - catholics vs protestants
• jews - escaping hatred in Europe
• Italians and Lithuanians - seekling better economic welfare.