4. BELOW THE LUNGS STRATCHING ACROSS THE BASE OF THE CHEST IS THE DIAPHRAM
5. THE RIBS AND DIAPHRAM MAKE AN AIRBAG IN WHICH THE LUNGS ARE PROTECTED.
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GASEOUS EXCHANGE
Gas exchange is the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs. It occurs in the lungs between the alveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries, which are located in the walls of the alveoli.
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VITAL CAPACITY
MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE BREATHED IN AND OUT
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TIDAL VOLUME
AMOUNT OF AIR BREATHED IN AND OUT WHILE AT REST
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RESPIRATORY RATE
NUMBER OF BREATHS THAT CAN BE TAKEN IN 1 MINUTE
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OXYGEN UPTAKE
THE PROCESS OF ABSORBING OXYGEN
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MINUTE VOLUME
THE TOTAL VOLUME OF AIR BREATHED IN AND OUT IN ONE MINUTE
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RESIDUAL VOLUME
THE SMALL AMOUNT OF AIR LEFT IN THE LUNGS AFTER A FULL BREATH OUT
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FUNCTIONS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
SUPPORT: the collumn holds up the head, keeps the body upright and transfers weight down to the pelvis.
MOVEMENT: the bones and joints acting together allow movement in all directions.
PROTECTION: inside each vertebra are bundles of nerves that make up the spinal cord. this controls all body movement and functions.
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FOUR TYPES OF BONE
LONG BONES: femur
SHORT BONES: phlanges
FLAT BONES: scapular
IRREGULAR BONES: vertabrae
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS
HINGE: allows movement in one plane only, eg. the elbow
PIVOT: allows rotation at the neck
BALL AND SOCKET: allows for as full range a range of movement as possible, eg. the hip
SADDLE: allows movement in two directions, eg. bae of thumb
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MOVEMENT OF JOINTS
FLEXION: when a joint closes
EXTENSION: when a joint opens
ABDUCTION: when a body part moves away from the centre of the body
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