Population and Development

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How to describe population distribution.

  • Is it even/uneven?
  • Say the highest and lowest
  • Quote the names of continents and countries.
  • Use data from the key and any info given and points of the compass.
  • Manipulate data.
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Explaining population distribution.

  • Climate - people attracted to mild, temperate climates and rain (farming).
  • Soil - crowded areas where there are fertile alluvium soils allowing a lot of food growth.
  • Relief - Flat, low land areas as easier to build on and farm.
  • Resources - Population density is higher where the environment provides useful resources.
  • Communications - many raods, railways, airports, and ports are more crowded. Industry attracts jobs, thus more people.
  • Technological development - countries with advanced technologies and well-educated people can exploit their resources and support higher population densities.
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Factors affecting Birth rates.

  • Children can offer support
  • Children can help as farm workers               High and LEDC
  • Infant mortality rates are high
  • Lack of contraception
  • Families aren't reliant on children
  • More women have careers
  • People tend to get married later                   Low and MEDC
  • Child care costs
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Factors affecting death rates.

  • Lack of clean water
  • Poor sannitation
  • Food shortages                        ELDC and High
  • Poor medical facilities
  • Clean water accessible
  • Proper sannitation facilities       EMDC and Low
  • Food is easily accessible
  • Advanced medical facilities.  
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Rural - Urban migration

In developing countries, the percentage of people living in cities is rising faster than in developed countries.

Developing (Push and Pull factors)

  • Not enough land for everyone to farm
  • Crop failure
  • Natural disasters
  • Poor services
  • Fewer basic amenities e.g. sewage, electricity and water.
  • Cities provide more services and more entertainments
  • More jobs.

Developed

  • Fewer jobs in farming and poorly paid
  • Lacks shops and entertainments
  • Cities have better-paid jobs in services and high-tech industries
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DMT - Stage 1 and 2

Stage 1

  • High fluctuating
  • High Birth Rates
  • High Death rates 
  • Low Natural increase
  • UK pre-1750

Stage 2

  • Early expanding
  • High birth rates
  • Falling death rates
  • High natural increase 
  • Malawi
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DTM - stage 3,4

Stage 3

  • Late expanding
  • Falling birth rates
  • Falling death Rates (more slowly)
  • High natural increase
  • Brazil

Stage 4

  • Low, stationary
  • Low birth rates
  • Low death rates
  • Very low natural increase
  • UK
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DTM - stage 5

  • Declining population
  • Low & decreasing birth rates
  • Low death rates
  • Negative natural increase
  • Germany
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Effects of ageing population

  • More money is needed to pay their weekly state pension
  • Care services and care homes are costly
  • Older people are more likely to get ill so will need expensive state HC
  • Fewer people economically active paying taxes
  • Contributes to UK's housing crisis since more old people are living in their own homes and not with family.
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Effects of rapid population growth

  • Lots of young able bodied workers for secondary industries, increasing GDP
  • Surplus labour > low cost workforce > attractive for investment in production.
  • Large number of peole available for the armed forces.
  • More deforestation to create more farmland or to provide fuel.
  • People build their own shacks in cities without basic amenities.
  • High unemployment
  • Schools and hospitals are overcrowded.
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Solutions to rapid population growth/ageing popula

  • Laws limiting family size
  • More education on family planning
  • Greater eductation of females.
  • More opportunities for abortion
  • Incentives given to limit family size e.g. free healthcare.
  • Taxes increased
  • Reducing state pensions
  • Encourage more young immigrants
  • Increasing child benefits.
  • Increase retirement age.
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Development Indicators

  • GDP per Capita - value of all goods and services produced within a nations borders / total population - Wealth, employment, economic efficiency
  • GNI per capita - total amount of money from goods and services produced by a country / total population - type of industry, trade in exports?
  • Literacy rate - % of people who have basic reading skills - education
  • Infant mortality - Number of deaths of infants under age of 1 per 1000 births per year - healthcare, existance of disease?
  • People per doctor - number of doctors per 100,000 per 100,000 - healthcare, standard of education and universities.
  • Life expectancy - average number of years a person may expect to live when born - healthcare, disease, lifestyle, sannitaiton, nutrition, working conditions.
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Criticism of Indicators

Two problems with a social indicator, e.g. literacy rates, are they use averages (not tell us the differences within a country) and they do not give enough info on quality of life (one aspect only).

Two problems with an economic indicator, such as GDP per capita, are they do not show the distribution of wealth and they do not show the quality of life e.g. how educated or how well off in 'real' terms.

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Explain why combined indicators are a better measu

  • It is an average so more reliable
  • Social and Economic
  • Includes education giving an indication of the country's future development potential.
  • Insight into how a country uses its wealth. For example, if a country has a high GNP, but spends little on education, it will have a low HDI.
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Reasons for differerences in Development (PHYSICAL

  • Hot desert - little rainfall and hot and dry climate makes it difficult to grow crops. Unreliable food supply.
  • Harsh Winters - low standard of living as heating costs are expensive, and unable to travel and trade.
  • Mountainous - very steep land is unsafe to build on. Limited job opportunities and accessibility.
  • Arid land / poor soil - Poor soils decrease yield, unreliable water supply, preventing growth of urban environments. Health an issue if unreliable food and water supply.
  • Natural Hazards - Homes destroyed, repairs cost millions and take years, meaning there are poor services. Harvests can be ruined, making it difficult to provide for the local population.
  • Disease - If endemic disease is present then the country will not develop so well since the workforce and hence the GDP will suffer. Lots on health, less on education.
  • Resources - valuable resources e.g. gold and oil can be exported or used to fuel manufacturing industries.
  • Coastal location - ports increase trading, creating wealth and jobs.
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Reasons for differerences in Development (Human)

  • Population growth - developing - city authorities cannot provide enough houses, schools, hospital beds, and jobs meaning people live in shanty towns. Farms become smaller so less food for subsistance families.
  • Fewer factories and offices in developing countries. Lack of industry means less wealth and jobs created. 
  • Trade - low priced primary goods to export. Need to import manufactured goods, but they are expensive so less money for services. A lot of income of developing countries spend much of their income just in repaying interest on debts.
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