Policing

Reiner: 

" a set of activities directed at preserving the security of a particular social order" 

Bittner: 

police work is responding to ctizen concerns that... "something that ought not to be happening and about which someone had better do somthing now!"

• Professionals employed by state organised with policing mandate.
• professional employedb y state agencies concerned primarily with other services.
• Pro.s. employed by specialist private policing firms. 
• security personnel hired by an organisation whose main business is something else. 

• citizens acting in a voluntary capacity within police organisations
• citizens acting in association with police organisations.
• citizens acting in completely voulnteer bodies.

• State bodies with other prime functions. 
• State or private employees as an adjunct of thier main jobs. 

• Techonlogy.

• Professionals employed by state organised with policing mandate.
• professional employedb y state agencies concerned primarily with other services.
• Pro.s. employed by specialist private policing firms. 
• security personnel hired by an organisation whose main business is something else. 

• citizens acting in a voluntary capacity within police organisations
• citizens acting in association with police organisations.
• citizens acting in completely voulnteer bodies.

• State bodies with other prime functions. 
• State or private employees as an adjunct of thier main jobs. 

• Techonlogy.

• Professionals emplyed by a state organisation with a policing mandate. 
• Have extensive legal powers. 

• Police and crime evidence Act 1984 (PACE): designed to balance powers of the police with the rights and freedoms of the general public. 
• Autonomous decision makers with an enormous amount of discretion (able to decide what to do in the situation) 

• Professionals emplyed by a state organisation with a policing mandate. 
• Have extensive legal powers. 

• Police and crime evidence Act 1984 (PACE): designed to balance powers of the police with the rights and freedoms of the general public. 
• Autonomous decision makers with an enormous amount of discretion (able to decide what to do in the situation) 

Its massively complex: 

• involves huge discretion. 
• involes a wide variety of methods and tasks.
• many of these tasks are vague.
• different responsibilities often conflict with one another.
• much of their work is reactive. 

• Policing involves enourmous discretion. 
• EVERY decision they make is discretionary: 
• - answering calls.
• - writing reports.
• - making arrests.
• - detaining suspects in custody.
• - deciding it/what evidence to collect etc. 
• the myth of 'full enforcement'

• Policing involves enourmous discretion. 
• EVERY decision they make is discretionary: 
• - answering calls.
• - writing reports.
• - making arrests.
• - detaining suspects in custody.
• - deciding it/what evidence to collect etc. 
• the myth of 'full enforcement'

five key areas of police work: 

• crime prevention and detection
• answering and responding to calls for service.
• public reassurance and public order maintenance
• community relations and dealing with community problems 
• traffic control and related matters. 

only some of these duties will require criminal law enforcement. 

five key areas of police work: 

• crime prevention and detection
• answering and responding to calls for service.
• public reassurance and public order maintenance
• community relations and dealing with community problems 
• traffic control and related matters. 

only some of these duties will require criminal law enforcement. 

• different situations some require police intervention some do not. 
• situations which may cause police to responde differently. 
• differnet laws applied in different situations adn circumstances.

• maintaining order vs protecting individual rights. 
• community policing vs crackdowns
• public expectation bs force directives 
• conflict at different levels: 
• - societal
• - organisational 
• - community 
• - incidents 

• maintaining order vs protecting individual rights. 
• community policing vs crackdowns
• public expectation bs force directives 
• conflict at different levels: 
• - societal
• - organisational 
• - community 
• - incidents 

police learn about crimes through: 

1. Citizen reports 

2. Police officer observations.

3. Police-initiated investigations. 

most police work is reactive. 

Coleman: 

• a crime that is unreported. 
• find out this crime by using self reports studies to complete anonymous surveys. 
• 43% of crime is unreported.

• reporting varies in accordance to the crime, and victim.

• whether you can trust/ rely on the police. 
• the confdence had in the police. 

law enforcement:

• investigate criminal activities
• arrest prepetrators
• gather evidence
• interrogate suspects
• serve warrants. 

Order maintanance:

• interven in noisy parties 
• force a panhandler to vacate an area
• quell a riot or disorder
• investigate a suspicious person or vehicle. 

Miscellaneous service: 

• assist stranded or lost motorists
• provide assistance during medical emergency
• provide information to citizens 

• patrol is the main method of (reactive) policing: 
• - answering calls 
• - maintaining a police presence to deter crime
• - probing suspicios circumstances
• reassuring the public. 

1) downplays the role of the genreal public in police work.  2) relationship with general public sufferes.  3) stereotyping/ racial profiling.  4) focus on 'hard' measure of police performance.

principle of english policing: 

Reith 1952: 

"police are public and that the public are the police" 

" police being only memebrs of public being paid to give full time attention to duties which are inncumbent on every citizen in the interest of the community" 

• reduce the distance between police and policed. 
• foot patrol and visibility important 
• prevention better than detection 
• enhance trust, confidence and information
• community engagement. 

Goldstein (1990):

• policing incident-driven
• need to tackle problems (causes of incidents, series and clusters.
• scan, analyse, respone, assess. 
• popularised by home office 
• integrated within community police - evaluations mixed, but supported. 

Wilson and Kelling (1982) 

• assertive tackling of incivilities
• disorder - fear - crime
• influential - NYPD

• targeting physical and social disorder can influence crime rates. 
• good political rhetoric. 

Diagram: 

• launched 1933 - 5 districs, then whole city in 1995. 
• 1,000 extra officers - foot patrol - beat metting - community engagement - focus on problem rather than incidents - multiagency - community training. 

Skogan (2007): 

• Police and community in chicago. African-american neighbourhoods most gain, whites next, latinos least. 

• launched 1933 - 5 districs, then whole city in 1995. 
• 1,000 extra officers - foot patrol - beat metting - community engagement - focus on problem rather than incidents - multiagency - community training. 

Skogan (2007): 

• Police and community in chicago. African-american neighbourhoods most gain, whites next, latinos least. 

• government programmes. 
• delivery mechanisms - visibility, engagement, problem solving. 
• officers assigned to neighbourhoods. 
• integrated extended policing famils - bridge builders/ junior cops.
• neighbourhood management - paternership, production of saftey. 

• government programmes. 
• delivery mechanisms - visibility, engagement, problem solving. 
• officers assigned to neighbourhoods. 
• integrated extended policing famils - bridge builders/ junior cops.
• neighbourhood management - paternership, production of saftey.