THEME 1

Related Case Study: Nottingham housing patterns.

• High land prices.
• High rise buildings.
• Shops, offices, government buildings, entertainment.
• Centre of the transport networks.
• Lack of housing due to high costs of the land.

RADFORD

• 19th century terraced housing.
• Within 1-2km of the CBD zone.
• Owner occupies or privately rented.
• Lack of transport meant houses built next to factories for walking distance work.
• Narrow streets.
• Lack of parking spaces.

LENTON

• 1950s and 1960s council built tower blocks.
• Brownfield sites to build new houses.
• Student population was built here.

• Gardens, wider roads, garages, drives, schools and local shops.

Inner Suburbs

• 1930s semi-detached housing.
• 4-5km from the CBD.

Wollaton

• 1950s large detached housing.
• Private house buildings.

• Some characteristics of the city and some of the country side.
• Housing and shops V Open space and fields.

• Radford - Ethnic minorities, students and first time buyers.
• Lenton - Low income families.
• Wollaton - Higher income families and professional people.

Related Case Study: Nottingham shopping.

• Chain stores, department stores, markets, specialist shops and covered shopping centres.
• Most accessible part of the city so more people can reach these shops.
• Land prices high but enough customers to fulfil their 'threshhold population'.
• Mainly sell 'High Order Goods'.
• High land prices means shops go upwards not sideways.

• Second hand shops, corner shops, take-aways and large units.
• Poorer population and so people will have a demand for second hand goods.
• There will be a 'ribbon development' where the shops are in a line.

• Corner shops.
• Accessible by foot.
• Shops used to be family owned but have been taken over by chains.

• One storey large stores.
• Accessible for motorway system for deliveries.
• Lower land price so shops can occupy a larger land area.
• Free car parking.

• Car owners / non-car owners - affects how easy it is to reach out of town sites.
• Poor / wealthier people - affects whether they need to buy second hand goods or not.
• Disabled / able bodied - affects access to the shop specially old shops with narrow doorways.
• People with specialist needs - Muslims who need to buy Halal meats.
• People with / without access to the internet - people are forced to pay high street prices.

Out of town shopping:

• Most shops used to be located in the CBD ..
• .. Cheaper land means that companies can have bigger shops than they could afford in the CBD.

Internet shopping:

• Many more people buy goods online ..
• .. More choice online and people can comparison shops from the comfort of their own home. They can also shop at a time that suits them.

Supermarkets:

• Large supermarkets have replaced a lot of local traditional shops ..
• .. People with busy lives want to do their shopping in one place, once a week.

Related Case Study: Barcelona leisure

• Barcelona is located in North-East Spain. It is in the Region of Catalonia and is the second larges city in Spain, with a population of 1.6 million.

• In the East of the city, boarding on the Mediterranean Sea.
• Many of the beaches and the surroundings were redeveloped when Barcelona hosted the 1992 Olympics.
• Things to do = Windsurfing, swim, kite surfing and beach huts.
• Cost = Free.
• Access = Metro station 10 minutes away by foot. Cycle path alongside.
• Groups of people = All age groups. Disabled (wooden paths onto the beach for wheelchairs).

• It is the largest stadium in Europe, home to Barcelona FC.
• Things to do = Attend matches there plus there is the Nou Camp experience.
• Cost = 23€ for adults and 17€ for 6-13 year olds. Free for young children. Match tickets are over 50€ minimum price.
• Access = Metro links and bus routes near the stadium.
• Groups of people = Football fans, families and older people. Disabled visitors in the museum but not all the stadium is accessible due to steps.

• The most famous landmark in Barcelona.
• The unfinished gothic cathedral was designed by Antoni Gaudi and started in 1882.
• Things to do = View the famous architecture, go up one of the towers and visit the museum.
• Cost = 15€ for all except for children under 10 and disabled people. 20€ to visit the tower.
• Access = Metro and bus routes.
• Groups of people = Disabled people can't access the towers. Expensive for families. Christians visit free.

• Famous shopping street.
• Street entertainers like mime artists.
• Things to do = Shop, go to the theatre, watch street entertainers and eat.
• Cost = Free to stroll but shops cover a range of prices. Free to watch the street entertainers.
• Access = The street is pedestrianised but there is nearby access to the metro and bus routes.
• Groups of people = Anyone can go here as it is a wide, flat street. Some would not be able to afford the price of some shops and restaurants.

Related Case Study: Brazil rural-urban migration

• Mainly happening in LEDCs.
• People move from the countryside to cities for a better life.
• Most people who migrate are poor and so this leads to an increase in favelas.
• Push = Crops fail, lack of health care, lack of drinking water, lack of education opportunities, war and/or disease.
• Pull = Job opportunities, the bright lights, access to health care and education and/or to be with relatives who have laready moved there.

• Migrants may send money back to their home vilages.
• Rural depopulation reduces the pressure on the land.
• Gender imbalance due to men leaving first.
• Loss of community spirit.
• May not be jobs available and so this turns to crime.
• Better quality of life when moved.

• This area is in the North-East of Brazil.
• The village of Pau Ferro is in this region, 500km from the coast and 100km from the nearest town.
• Push = High temperatures, low and unreliable rainfall, high infant mortality rate, lack of education and jobs and poor transport links.
• Pull = Better job opportunities, better education, a reliable food supply and more medicine/doctors,

• Located in the over-populated South-East of Brazil.
• The distribution of residential areas is different to MEDCs.
• Rich live near the CBD and the poor live on the edge of the city.
• High status housing surrounds the CBD, such as high rise buildings.
• This area has good infrastructure.
• Surrounding this is poor to medium housing which started as a shanty town but have been provided with basic amenities.
• Shanty towns are found on the steep hillsides, swamps or waste land.
• Modern factories are found along main roads, sometimes with favelas in between.

• Self-help schemes.
• Since 1995, the Rio city has spent $500,000 on the 'Favela-Barrio'.
• Roçinha was created in the 1950s and its population has swelled to 160,000.
• Community committees here represent different neighbourhoods to identify peoples needs.
• Roçinha now has two newspapers of its own, a radio station, its own waste disposal service and local doctors and dentists who offer lower chargers.

Related Case Study: London olympic park

• The Lower Lee Valley forms the boundary between the boroughs of Newham, Hackney, Waltham Forest and Tower Hamlets.
• It stretches about 5km from Stratford to the River Thames.
• The London Legacy Development Corporation's Board is in charge of the site.
• They have published a plan called 'Queen Elizabeth Park 2030'.

• Lack of job opportunities and low wages.
• Increase of traffic which blocked normal routes and created noise.
• 450 flats and a Christican centre were demolished.
• 'The Clays Lane' residents were forced to move out of their flats.
• Loss of community spirit.
• A new site had to be found for travellers.
• Over 900 businesses were relocated and jobs were lost.

• Most of the land was brownfield abandoned industrial sites.
• The redevelopment cleared up the land and made it useful again.
• Improved the environment by cleaning up over 2 million tonnes of soil.
• The 'River Lea' was cleaned up and fish and newts returned to it.
• Transport systems of the area have been improved.
• 97% of materials from the orginial site were reused/recycled.
• Opened to the public in 2014.
• Velodrome and the Copper Box can host world-class events.

• Sustainable planning to tackle the increase in traffic, the poor residents and the increase in waste.
• Cheap bus fare and buses run every 90 seconds on some routes.
• Rubbish is collected into organic and non-organic.
• Old buses have been converted into mobile classrooms.

Relates Case Study: Peak district national park

Before 1950s:

• Population of 250-300 people.
• In 1930, only 86 properties.

After 1950s:

• Population risen to over 550 today.
• Number of properties increased to over 200.

Push Factors (Leicester):

• Air pollution affects health.
• Higher crime rate than in the countryside.

Pull Factors (Leire):

• Accessible to other parts of the country via the motorway system.

Physical Attractions:

• Mam Tor - Limestone hill near castleton.
• Dove Dale - Limestone valley in the South of the Peak District.
• Peak Cavern - Limestone cavern in Castleton.

Human Attractions:

• Chatsworth House - Near Bakewell.
• Peveril Castle - In Castleton.
• Bakewell - Pudding shop in Bakewell.

 About 8 million people visit the Peak District a year. Penine Way was a walking route that starts in Edale. 

• Litter.
• Traffic Congestion.
• Footpath erosion resulting from overuse.
• Conflict with other land user.

How are these problems being tackled?:

• Footpatch erosion has been improved by re-routing paths or surfacing them with local stone.
• An increasing number of litter bins have been provided throughout the villages.
• A 'Stop The Drop' campaign.
• Traffic restrictions in some areas - prohibits the use of recreational motor vehicles along the Chapel Gate route for 18 months.
• 'Get A Grip' campaign.