Marxist view - nations are invented to break class continuity
Nationalist view - nations are natural
Modernist view - invented by the elite
Postmodernist view - invented by ourselves
Smiths' view - nations are discovered
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Five Stages of Nationalism
1. The Need for a Nation
Herder/Fitche - Western examples
Inspired by opposition to autocracy and liberalism.
Rule of empires shows the need for nationalism
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Five Stages of Nationalism (2)
2. Identifying the Nation
History - Finns conquered by the Swiss and Russians. Estonians and Latvians conquered by many. Need for a state beforehand to be able to identity it e.g. Poland - is the history the right guide?
Language - no standardised language
Religion - oppression of religion limits nationalism
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Five Stages of Nationalism (3)
3. Justifying the Nation
End of nation of nobility. Peasantry - historic deposit. Peasantry nation's essence
Liberalism - empowering the nation, opposition to autocratic rule, mass education and democratisation.
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Five Stages of Nationalism (4)
4. Creating the Nation
Violence, revoluton and rebellions (Poland and Russia). Can lead to more repression (Poland)
Polish revolts - failure immense. Out-numbered by Imperial Army.
Romantic Nationalism.
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Five Stages of Nationalism (5)
5. Purging the Nation
New states after 1918 - promoted the "national language."
Restructured the rights of minorities and created modern states.
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