Levine

• Background- Pilavin found high rates of helping in New York
• Aims: ​1. To determine if a city’s tendency to offer non-emergency help to strangers is  stable across situations over a wide range of cultures. 2. To research whether substantial variation exists across the cultures studied. 3. To identify country-level variables that might relate to differences in helping.
• ​IV: 23 countries like USA Brazil and Spain. DV: Helping rate
• sample: Opportunity sample over 200 men and women.
• Method: Quasi-experiment that used an independent measures design.
• All experimenters were college men and dressed neatly and casually in order to control for experimenter gender effects
• Standardised scoring: All experimneters recieved both a detailed instruction sheet and they practised together.
• Three measure: 1- dropping pen out of your pocket near the particpant  2-Hurt leg walking with a limp and struggling to pick up magazines 3- Helping blind person walk across the road by holding out their cane. 
• findings
• Most helpful: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil San Jose, Costa Rica Lilongwe, Malawi Calcutta, India Vienna, Austria
• Least helpful: New York City, America Singapore, Malaysia Amsterdam, Netherlands Sofia, Bulgaria Taipei, China

Conclusions:

• The helping of strangers is a cross-culturally meaningful characteristic of a place.

• There are large cross-cultural variations in helping rates.

• Helping across cultures is inversely related to a country’s economic productivity.

• Countries with the cultural tradition of simpatia are, on average, more helpful than counties with no such tradition.

• The value of collectivism-individualism is unrelated to helping behaviours.

Correlational \hypthesis:

• Significant Negative correlation: Lower economic productivity higher overall helping
• Insignificant Negative correlation: Greater walking speed Less likely to offer help
• Economic productivity was positively correlated with individualism
• Economic productivity was negatively correlated with walking speed
• Correlations between economic status and overall helping showed that Simpatia countries (Latin American countries and Spain) are more likely to help than non-simpatia