Maxim of Quantity - Do not say too much or too little in a conversation
Maxim of Quality - Be truthful when speaking
Maxim of Relevance - Keep to the point and to not evade the question
Maxim of Manner - Speak in a clear and orderly way
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Schegloff's Opening Sequence (1986)
1. Summons/answer - opens the channel of communication
2. Identification/recognition - not needed for face-to-face
3. Greetings sequence
4. 'How are you' sequence
Evaluation of this theory...
- doesn't follow cultures
- may be different for mixed gender conversations
- if you do not know the speaker, identification may not occur
- introduction of new technology may remove the identification e.g. caller ID
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Lakoff's Rule for Conversations
1. Be clear
2. Be polite
3. Do not impose
4. Give options
5. Be friendly
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Brown and Levison's Face Theory
Face = public self image
:) = positive face = the need to be liked and accepted
:( = negative face = the need to not be imposed upon
Positive politeness = used with friends to emphasise solidarity (shared references/grammar)
Negative politeness = emphasise respect if there's a social difference between speakers
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Howard Giles' Accomodation Theory
Convergence - speech is adjusted to match others (showing unity and feeling of shared identity)
Divergence - refrains from adjustin speech to not match others - emphasises seperation and distinction
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