cold environments

ROCHE MOUTONEE - The How 

PUSH MORAINE - Rosthwaite 

RECESSIONAL MORAINE - Rosthwaite 

BEADED ESKER - Rosthwaite 

DIFFLUENCE CHANNEL - Rosthwaite 

LAKE BED DEPOSITS - Rosthwaite 

ICE MARGINAL CHANNEL - along River Derwent 

SURPRISE VIEW - Derwent water 

LORDORE CASCADE - Derwent water delta 

BOWDER STONE - along River Derwent 

WATENDLATH VALLEY - MISFIT STREAM, LATERAL MORAINE, ROCK BAR, ROCHE MOUT.

background

• 124,000 heat pipes along pipeline / 800 miles 
• crosses 3 mountain ranges 
• 17 billion barrels through 
• $8 Bn to build 

challenges passing over Denali fault 

• 2002 magnitude 7.9 in south-central Alaska 
• ruptured 336 km 

Exxon Valdez oil spill

• failed to make turn back into shipping lanes + ran aground 1989
• 11 M gallons spilled 
• 250,000 sea birds , 250 bald eagles + 22 killer whales affected 

design features to allow efficiency 

• 75% travels over permafrost / 420 miles elevated above soil / zig-zag allows movement

DIAGRAM 

DIAGRAM 

STRIATIONS 

ROCHE MOUTONNEE 

HANGING VALLEY / TRUCATED SPURS / ARETE / RIBBON LAKES / MISFIT STREAM / PYRAMIDAL HORN 

DIFFLUENCE CHANNEL 

DRUMLIN 

transverse :PUSH MORAINE / RECESSIONAL MORAINE / END MORAINE (extra) / TERMINAL MORAINE (extra)

longitudinal : LATERAL MORAINE (watendlath) MEDIAL MORAINE (extra)

ICE MARGINAL CHANNEL 

BEADED ESKER / VARVES / KAMES / KAME TERRACES 

PHYSICAL 

FREEZE THAW 

• 9.05% at -22d.c => max. pressure of 2115 kg/cm^2 + number of migrations over 0d.c
• SCREE SLOPE formed by angular fragments of weathered material 

HYDRATION  - addition + removal of water from rock => creates stresses 

• a) because of general swelling (Water added) 
• b) minerals absorb at different amounts (different exansion figures)

CHEMICAL  - MELTWATER (CARBONATION)

• carbonate based rocks (limestone)
• CO2 more soluble in colder temps => weak carbonic acid formed in melwater streams 

BIOLOGICAL -

• very little compared to temperate regions (Shallow roots + little growth rate) 

PLUCKING 

• rocks + stones around glacier become frozen to base or sides of ice 
• then glacier moves and either: 
• rocks stays + ice breaks off OR ice plucks rock out of the ground 

ABRASION 

• when a relatively hard rock rubs against a softer rock 
• rocks + stones picked up by glacier by plucking or moraine that debris falls through glacier 
• rubs against bedrock + side as glacier moves 
• rocs scratch away leaving STRIATIONS

• 4000x world health stands water pollution 
• 300,000 people arrrive per year 
• Himalyas 12,000 visit with 3000 residents 
• everest national park 

DEFORESTATION 

• population + tourism increase 
• inc. flood risk + destroyed habitats
• footpath erosion = silt in rivers 
• wood - heating, cooking, construction 
• 1 SHOWER = 3 TREES (slowly growing in cold environment)

LITTER

• used to be 2/3 metres high - cleanup funded by mountaineers 
• $6000 depoit + refunded if litter taken home 

REFORESTATION - 5cm / year tree growth