Charles: The Second Civil War:

• Charles is defeated at the battle of Naseby.
• Naseby victory increased power of Cromwell, the only military commander.
• Parliament won due to better tax collection, organisation, control of capital and better allies.
• Royalists suffer more defeats at Langport.
• 1645, Prince Rupert surrenders in Bristol and sent into exhile by Charles.

• 1646, everyone want's peace, Parliament, army and the Scots.
• Royalists are a minority and are now like a resistance.
• Were defeated again in Edinburgh by New Model Army. 
• Charles I has no option but to surrender to the Scots.
• Parliament attempted many settlements.
• Charles doesn't take them seriously, keeps delaying for better settlements.
• This was due to him wanting to take advantage the divided Parliament, Scots and New Model Army.

• Parliament is still divided by moderates and radicals.
• These were soon known as the Political Presbyterians and Political Independents.

POLITICAL PRESBYTERIANS:

• Led by Denzil Holles and Philip Stapleton.
• Moderates and were known as the 'Peace Party'.
• Conservartive in social and political matters.
• Opposed religious toleration.
• Wanted peace with the King and would disband New Model Army.
• Increasingly disappointed with the New Model Army.

POLITCAL INDEPENDENTS:

• Led by Cromwell an Henry Ireton.
• Radicals and known as the 'War Party'.
• Disliked the authority of Presbyterian Church.
• More religious toleration.
• Allies with the New Model Army to keep Charles in check.
• Would make peace and disband New Model Army is Charles I accepted limits to his power.

• The Political Presbyterians made the first attempt for a settlement.
• The settlement had plans such as:
  • Religion - Charles had to accept a Presbyterian England for 3 years. 
  • Abolishing episcopacy, Bishops and the Church.
  • Militia - Parliament was to control the Militia for 20 years.
  • Parliament - The Triennial Act was to remain and regular Parliaments with limited King.
  • Royalists - 58 Royalists were not to be pardoned and the rest free.
  • Demobilise New Model Army but keep a smaller force to defeat the Irish Catholics.
  • An alternative 'safe' army was to be created based on London trained bands.
  • Declaration of Dislike - Document said army petitioners were enemies of the state. 
• This Plan was inspired by a debt of £3,000,000 owed to the army. 
• This prompted a new radical force to become politicised, the New Model Army.

HOW CHARLES RESPONDED TO THE NEWCASTLE PROPOSITIONS:

• Delayed the agreement on purpose to make Parliament fight amongst themselves.
• Still hoped he'd gain Irish/French support. 
• Liked the fact Parliament was more religiously and politically unstable.

• Created by Parliament in 1645 by merging 3 regional armies to make war more effective.
• Commanded by Fairfax with Cromwell as lieutenant general.
• New Model Army resented the Newcastle Propositions and the Declaration of Dislike.
• New Model Army and Political Independents saw the Political Presbyterians as making a rival army and were...
  • Concerned that they were owed £3m but were going to be disbanded before they were paid.
  • Concerned that they may be charged with offensives committed during the war as Parliament hadn't passed a Indemnity Act which would give soliders protection from prosecution for actions during the civil war.
• The New Model Army now became more political especially due to financial reason.
• They would eventually impacted settlement. 

• New Model Amry wanted to redress it's concerns through what commanded it which was Parliament.
• Parliament = dominated by Political Presbyterians and failed to address the armys concerns.

• March 1646:
  • Parliament resents New Model Army petition to redress concerns. 
• May 1647:
  • Commons accepts Charles reply to Newcastle propositions, army felt this was too lenient on Charles and Commons voted to disband them with only 8 weeks of pay.
• June 1647:
  • N.M.A responded to this by meeting at Newmarket with Fairfax.
  • Charles was then kidnapped by the army, Cornet George Joyce took him to the army's headquarters at Newmarket.
  • New Model Army having physical control over Charles made them a force in politics of settlement. 
  • Army made a Humble Remonstrance, Army wouldn't disband until their conerns were addressed, had indemnity and Holles' Presbyterian faction removed.
  • Army Marched to London to pressure enemies in Parliament.

• June 1647:
  • Army wants to reinforce a Solemn Engagement, they wanted to impeach 11 Presbyterian MPs including Holles who saw him as the enemy.
  • Army defended it's own rights and freedom.
  • Wanted their concerns taken into account in the settlement.
  • Politcal statements of the army were listened to due to it's force and physical control of the King.
• July 1647:
  • Armies generals council with high ranking officers and low ranking adjutators met at Reading.
  • Ireton presented a Heads of the Proposals to the rest of the army.
  • Adjutators, key men who politicised the army had enough of Ireton and Cromwells 'moderate' plans. 
  • Army wanted to shut down Parliament. 
  • Cromwell and Ireton = negotiated with King on Moderate terms and seen as hypocrites.

• This was the army's own settlement plans with...
  • Regularly every 2 years Parliament would be called.
  • Episcopacy to be retained, but Bishops power reduced.
  • Parliament's constituencies were to be reorgansied.
  • Council of the State would be incharge of foreign policy but need Parliament's approval for war/peace.
  • No Royalists were allowed to hold office to stan for election as punishment.
• New Model Army control of Charles allowed them to talk directly to him.
• These agreements could've been a result of Ireton's direct talk with Charles. 
• Charles and Ireton talked, Ireton modified a few things.
• Cromwell and Ireton may have gone a bit too far to get Charles to accept the Heads of the Proposals.
• Ireton and Cromwell showed their attempt for a 'moderate' settlement which caused internal division in the army.

• Army officers negotiating with Charles over the Heads of the Proposals realised he wasn't being sincere. 
• Charles failing to take the army plans seriously radicalised them even more and some wanting to remove the King. 
• Tensions between army and Parliament increased. 
• Political Presbyterians organised demonstrations for peace.
• The Political independents join the New Model Army to March into London. 

• While Charles was imprisoned he was sent the 'Four billls' by Parliament.
• This was a combination of both Newcastle propositions and Heads of the Proposals. 
• 11th November 1647, Charles escapes Hampden court and begins negotiating with the Scots.
• He needed them to campaign against Parliament. and Charles rejected the 'Four Bills' in December.

DECEMBER 1647, THE ENGAGEMENT:

• Charles had a secret meeting with the engagers, a faction of the Scottish covenanters who were disappointed with the alliance with English Parliament.
• Charles promised them 3 years of Presbyterianism in England if they invaded England against Parliament to restore the King's power.
• This deal meant the covenanters would betray their previous ally and invade England starting a Second Civil War.
• Parliament reacted hardening itself and the army.
• January 1648, Parliament voted on a 'No more negotiatians with the King'.

• This = important in the Second civil war.
• The New Model Army gathered infront of their enemies and prayed.
• They used Bible passages and preachers that decribed Charles as a man of blood 
• Many debated regicide, killing of the King for the first time publically.

HOW RELIGION HELPED THE NEW MODEL ARMY SUCCEED:

• Goldy officers - Officers and calvalry encouraged the army religiously.
• Chaplains - Appointed from each regiment and showed religious leadership via sermons, campaigns into battle and Bible studies.
• Visual Icons - Each regiment had it's own banners and relgious motto. 
• Fasting and self reflection - Used to prepare for their military and politcal tests.
• Lay Preaching - Soliders themselves would preach.
• Equality - Creation of General counicls of the Army in 1647 and the Reading/Putney debates made a belief that they were valued by God.

• Series of Royalist and anti-Parliament/Presbyterian risings in South Wales, Kent and Yorkshire caused to divide the New Model Army across England and Wales. 
• They effectively dealt with each threat:
• Fairfax and Ireton tackled the Risings in Kent, Cromwell was sent to Sotuh Wales, Lambert was sent to northern front to slow down the scottish invasion to the South. 
• Cromwell crushed the rebels in South Wales and moved North to help Lambert in the Battle of Preston.
• Despite being outnumbered, they defeated the Scottish Royalist Army.
• October 1648, Cromwell and Lambert travel to Edinburgh to ensure that anti-engagers in Scotland led by Argyll were in power.

• Millinarians like Cromwell, Ireton and Harrison thought they were being directed by God.
• To them God opposed Charles. 
• The 2nd civil war meant it would be impossible to make peace with Charles in the future.
• But still, Parliament wanted negotaitons with the King. But in the end it was the division of the Army and Parliament that led to the King's execution.