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Causes
- RuBP (Rubisco)
- 3 GP
- Legumes and Bacteria (Rhizobium), Frankia and Nostoc
- Dietary protein degradation (proteolysis)
- Positive turnover
- Negative
- Zymogyn
- First step in protein degradation
- Ubiquitin
- Polyubiquinated proteins
- Ornithine decarboxylase
- N terminal in proteins
- Liver
- deamination i.e. removal of N group
- a amino acid groups + a keto gluterate
- Transamination
- Pyridoxal Phosphates
- Glutamate dehydrogenase
- Serine and Thyrosine can be directly deaminated
- Glutamine synthetase
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase
- Pyruvate carboxylase
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- a ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
- Carbamoyl synthetase
- Ornithine transcarbamoylase
- Citruline formation
- Argionosuccinate
- Arginosuccinase
- Arginine produced from arginosuccinase
- Aromatic amino acids
- Glycogen phosphoylase
- Glucose 6 phosphate ---> glucose 1 phosphate
- PHOSPHORYLASE KINASE
- Hormones glycagon and epinephrine
- Coupled reactions
- PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE
- Hexokinase
- Beta Oxidation
- Liver + acetyl coA----> ketone bodies
- Glgoxylate Shunt
- Glyoxylate + acetate ---> malate
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Effects
- Will fix Carbon Dioxide must be replaced for Calvin Cycle to continue
- Can be converted to many molecules i.e. fatty acids + glycerols (plant oils), glucose phosphate, stractch
- Nitrogen fixing bacteria that fix atmospheric Nitrogen to Nitrites and Nitrates
- Dietary proteins hydrolysed to amino acids and absorbed via blood stream
- synthesis exceeds degradation (growth)
- Degradation exceeds synthesis (starvation)
- Inactive proteases
- The removal of N
- Proteins that are destined for degradation and attach to e- amino acid groups of lipines that are destined to be destroyed
- Degraded by proteosomes
- Half life of 11 mins
- Influence when protein is degraded
- Major site of amino acid degradation
- Will produce A-keto acids which further degrade to a keto- gluterate
- = glutamate ( this can yield ammonium ions)
- amino transferases funnel amino groups to a ketogluterate
- All Aminotransfereases contain pyridoxal phosphate prosthetic group which for Schiff bases in reactions
- Reverisble: can converte a ketoglutarate to glutamate (oxidise to ammonia ions then in citric acid cycle) not in mammals
- Pyruvate + ammonium ions
- Catalyses glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine
- Converts pyruvate to acetyl coA
- Converts pyruvate acetyl coA to oxalocetate
- Converts isocitrate to a ketoglutarate
- Converts a ketogluterate to Succinyl CoA (used as energy source in plants and fungi)
- ATP + bicarbonate ----> carbamoyl phosphate and ADP
- carbomoyl phoshate + ornithine transcarbamoylase ---> citrulline and phosphate. Transfer of carbomoyl phosphate to ornithine allows citruline to form
- Occurs in cytosol of the mitochondria
- Citrulline + aspartate ---> argionosuccinate
- catalyses reversible breakdown of arginnosuccinate producing amino acid arginine and decarboxylic acid fumerate
- Can be hydrolysed to produce urea and reform ornithine
- Phenylalanine and Thyrosine
- cleaves glucose from 1-4 glycosidic bond (non reducing) to glucose-1-phosphate
- Reverisble reaction by enzyme PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE
- Activates GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE to release glucose 1 phosphate
- hormones activate adenyl cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP (aid with movement of hormone across membrane)
- Energy released by hydrolyzing ATP drives the conversion of substrates to products
- Converts Fructose 6 phosphate to Fructose 1 phosphate
- Specific liver enzyme that converts glucose 6 to glucose 1
- Removal of acetetate from COOH end (Krebs)
- Bacteria and plants Isocitrate --> Succinate and Glyoxylate
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