GCSE geography A (AQA) Restless earth
A mindmap about the restless earth
- Created by: Kelleigh
- Created on: 29-05-13 09:45
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- The restless Earth
- Tectonic plates
- oceanic crust
- thinner, between 5-10km thick
- rocks made of basalt
- younger
- can be renewed and destroyed
- very dense
- can sink
- continental crust
- older
- lighter
- cannot be renewed or destroyed
- rocks made of granite
- thicker, between 25-90km
- can't sink
- oceanic crust
- Fold mountains
- 1. Rivers erode material from the land and transport it to the sea
- 2. The sediment is deposited in the sea and sinks to the bottom
- 3. The weight of the water and other layers compress the material so they turn to sedimentary rock
- 4. 2 Continental plates move together
- 5. The layers of rock are folded up and down
- 6. The crumpling produces anticlinesa nd synclines of fold mountains
- The Alps, Central Europe
- Adaptations
- trees and man-made defenses are used to protect against avalanches and rock slides
- animals are grazed in high areas as the soils are poor
- tunnels have been created for fast and straight access, e.g. Lotschberg base tunnel (Bernese alps in Switzerland)
- Farming
- goats farmed for milk, cheese and milk
- sunnier slopes have been terraced to plant vineyards (e.g. Lavaux, Switzerland)
- Tourism
- 100million tourists visit the Alps each year
- 70% of tourists visit the slopes for many activities in summer and winter
- New villages have been created to cope with tourists, eg. Tignes in france
- Ski runs, ski lifts, cable cars, holiday chalets and restaurants pepper the landscape
- HEP
- Berne area (Switzerland)
- Switzerland gets 60% of its electricity is from HEP stations in the Alps
- Berne area (Switzerland)
- mining
- salt, iron ore, gold, silver and copper were mined but it has declined
- forestry
- Scots pine is abundant as it is resilient to goats, which kill native tree saplings
- trees are logged and sold to make furniture
- Scots pine is abundant as it is resilient to goats, which kill native tree saplings
- Adaptations
- Uses of fold mountains
- Hydro-electric power
- Steep sided mountains and high lakes - ideal for generating HEP
- Tourism
- Spectacular scenery attracts tourists
- In winter, people do skiing, snowboarding, ice climbing
- In summer, walking is popular
- Tunnels have been created to create straight and fast roads -improved communication
- farming
- higher slopes aren't good for crops, so they're used for grazing
- lower slopes are used for crops
- steep slopes are terraced to grow crops
- Mining
- major source of metal ores, although access is difficult
- forestry
- good for growing certain trees, eg. conifers
- used for fuel,building materials, paper and furniture
- Hydro-electric power
- Volcanoes
- Sheild
- lava flow
- hot and runny lava
- less explosive, little ash
- constructive boundary
- no pressure so flat shape
- gentle sides
- frequent eruptions
- one vent
- composite
- secondary vents
- narrow base
- ash and lava
- very explosive with lots of ash
- destructive boundary
- lava is forced up so it holds its shape
- steep sides
- does not erupt often
- Mount st helens, USA, 18th may 1980
- Sheild
- Supervolcanoes
- yellowstone, USA
- caldera, magma chamber
- Earthquakes
- Kobe, japan, 17th january 1995
- Sichuan, china, 12th may 2008
- primary effects
- THE collapse of buildings
- people trapped
- displacement of ground
- death and injuries
- secondary effects
- disease
- homelessness
- loss of trade
- little infrastructure
- ricter scale and mercallli
- Tsunamis
- tsunamis are a specific secondary effect
- can have devastating effects in coastal areas
- It's a huge wave where the entire depth of the sea is set in motion by an earthquake
- This displaces the water above and creates the wave
- Boxing day 2004 - Asian tsunami (indian ocean)
- Causes
- 1. The Indo-Australian and Eurasian plate collide at a destructive plate boundary
- 2. The Indian plate subducts below the Eurasian plate, as it is more dense
- 3. Stress and pressure build up over time between the 2 plates, as they slide past each other, until the Eurasian plate buckled and jerked upwards causing an earthquake under the Indian ocean
- 4. The movement of the sea bed (crust) displaced by about 20ft upwards billions of tonnes of water above, creating a huge wave
- 5. The water column split into 2 and spread out, with one wave travelling out to sea and the other to the shoreline
- 6. As the tsunami wave came to the shore the wave height increased and surged in land
- Primary effects
- Everything was destroyed in Banda Aceh, apart from a mosque, with 3/4 of the tsunamis victims in Sumatra
- 650,000 were injured
- 2 million made homeless (in Sumatra over 50,000 people made homeless)
- 220,000 died, in 14 countries around the indian Ocean including THailand, Sumatra, Sri Lanka and South Africa - A lot were drowned or hurt by the water's power
- Infrastructure destroyed. E.g. In Sri Lanka, a train was derailed by the force of the water, killing over 1000 people
- Many public buildings, e.g. hospitals and schools were destroyed
- Immediate responses
- Response was slow; people were not treated for days, many injuries got infected
- People searched for friends and relatives with their bare hands
- Appeals were launched for international aid. The UK promised £75 million and public donations of £100 millionwe re raised in the first few weeks
- Medical teams, rescue workers and forensic scientists arrived from countries all over ther world
- People were caught unaware - holidaymakers on beaches in Phuket, Thailand fled as the wave approached, they tried to get to higher storeys in hotels
- 10 year old Tilly Smith whilst on holiday saved the lives of hundreds by warning them about the tsunami, having learnt about them in geography
- A priority was for the provision of international aid, including: teams of sniffer dogs, heavy equipment, medical staff, provisions of water purifying tablets, blankets, setting up shelters, tents, etc
- Long term responses
- An education programme started in order to teach people about how to respond to a tsunami
- A year later, £372 million had been donated by the british public, but only £128 million had been spent by the disasters emergency committee (DEC) - there were issues with collecting large sums of money
- There was a need to bury the dead - often in mass graves to stop the spread of diseases
- Lots of people needed counselling and support
- The DEC spent £40 million on rebuilding projects in Sri Lanka and Indonesia
- There were plans to spend a further £190 million in the 2nd year, building 20,000 houses for 100,000 homeless people
- Houses were rebuilt using different materials and designs to make them less easy to destroy
- AN early warning system in the Indian ocean was set up in June 2006, costing $30 million
- Industries had to be rebuilt, eg. fishing and tourism
- Causes
- ocean trench
- formed through the downwarping of the continental plate
- Tectonic plates
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