The Four Dumas (4)
- Created by: MonsurAli
- Created on: 03-06-17 14:39
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- The four Dumas
- Main political parties
- SD's: Bolsheviks let by Lenin (for the proletariat), Mensheviks led by Martov (for the Bourgeoisie)
- SR's: Led by Viktor Chernov and wanted to redistribute land. Left of the party very violent.
- Trudoviks: supported by peasants and intelligentsia.
- Kadets: Wanted a constitutional monarchy. Led by Milyukov.
- Octobrists: Accepted Oct Manifesto. Mainly wealthy landowners and industrialists.
- Progressive: businessmen who wanted moderate reform.
- Rightists: extremely right wing. Used Black Hundreds and other violent methods to combat the left.
- Nationalist and religious groupings: Muslims, Polish etc. Wanting rights and independence
- First Duma: 'Duma of National Hope'
- Initially led by Witte. It was boycotted by Bolsh., SR's and extreme right wing.
- It was strongly critical of the Tsar which is why Witte resigned; replaced by Goremykin (conservative)
- Due to 'totally inadmissible' demands, it was dissolved after a vote of no confidence and Stolypin came in as PM. He was much more hard-line.
- Successes: removed death penalty, abolition of the state council, abandonment of emergency powers, and universal and direct male suffrage. But it was far too Liberal and failed to achieve anything more.
- Second Duma: 'Duma of National Anger'
- More left wing were involved, but it did not have many achievements. As it was more oppositional than the last one, Stolypin found it difficult to implement his agrarian reforms.
- Stolypin passed laws under the Tsar's emergency powers when the Duma was not in session.
- When the duma refused to pass the laws, he spread rumours of the assassination of the Tsar so the duma was dissolved.
- Radical delegates were arrested and he finally reduced the representation of the workers and peasants; and increased the representation of the gentry.
- Third Duma: 'Duma of Lords and Lackeys'
- Very Submissive; agreed to 2200 of 2500 govt proposals. The duma was still confrontational but it showed that the system was not working.
- There were disputes over key policies and it had to be suspended twice.
- Fourth Duma
- Kobostov replaced Stolypin after his assassination in 1911. He ignored the duma and its influence declined. It was too divided to fight back. However before the outbreak of the war, workers seized initiative with strikes.
- Political developments by 1914
- Stolypin had helped restore order in the countryside; established court martial's to deal with crimes deemed to be political in intent.
- He used democratic powers to underpin the tsarist regime.
- Wanted to create a class of peasant landowners: land ownership of peasants went from 20% to 50% (1905-15). Easy to say Russia had westernised after 1905/
- However none of the issues sparked in 1905 were resolved fully.
- Rasputin begins to have association with the royal family due to Aleksei. Scandals tarnish the family.
- Main political parties
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