planning research
- Created by: jkrodwell
- Created on: 09-12-14 09:11
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- Research methods: planning research
- Hypothesis: a statement predicting the outcome of research
- there are 2 types of hypothesis
- alternative hypothesis: a statement which predicts a difference or correlation
- null hypothesis: a statement which predicts no difference or correlation
- there are 2 types of hypothesis
- variable: anything that is open to change
- there are 4 types of variable
- independent variable: something that the researcher changes or manipulates
- dependent variable: something that the researcher measures to see a change
- extraneous variable: a variable (which is the the independent variable) which can affect what youre measuring (the dependent variable)
- standardisation: a way of controlling extraneous variables to keep variables the same across all conditions
- control variable: the things you keep the same through all conditions so they dont effect the DV
- there are 4 types of variable
- Experimental design: a way of allocating participants to conditions in an experiment
- there are 2 types of experimental design
- repeated measures: where participants take part in both conditions
- participants do condition 1 then condition 2
- advantages
- they are comparing the same individual so they can directly compare results
- it is more practical. you don't need as many participants because they take part in both conditions
- disadvantages
- order effects. this is where the participant has had the chance to improve, so the second time they do it, they will perform better.
- independent groups: where participants only take part in one condition
- participants do either condition 1 or condition 2
- Adavantages
- there are no order effects. they do not have the chance to improve as they only take part once.
- disadvantages
- different people take part in the different conditions so cannot directly compare results. any differences could be down to the individual
- repeated measures: where participants take part in both conditions
- there are 2 types of experimental design
- target population: entire set of people researchers want to generalise their results to
- sample: smaller group selected from the target population
- representative: an accurate reflection of a larger group
- target population: entire set of people researchers want to generalise their results to
- sample: smaller group selected from the target population
- representative: an accurate reflection of a larger group
- representative: an accurate reflection of a larger group
- sample: smaller group selected from the target population
- target population: entire set of people researchers want to generalise their results to
- representative: an accurate reflection of a larger group
- sample: smaller group selected from the target population
- 2 main sampling techniques
- random sample: a sample for which everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being chosen
- advantages
- it is not bias as everyone has chance of being chosen, so usually is representative
- disadavantages
- possibility of drawing an unusual or unrepresentative sample
- not always practical - especially when the target population is very large
- advantages
- opportunity sampling: a sample drawn from the population because they are available and convenient
- advantages
- very straight forward. its easy to conduct. simply pick the people who are available and willing
- disadvantages
- tends not to be representative. people who agree to take part may be more confident and do not represent the wider public
- advantages
- random sample: a sample for which everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being chosen
- ethical considerations: issues of research that take into account the welfare of participants
- informed consent: where participants agree to take part and know the aim of the study
- right to withdraw: where participants are allowed to stop participating when they want
- confidentiality: protecting the identity of participants by not revealing names or information
- Hypothesis: a statement predicting the outcome of research
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