reasons for failure of 1848/9 revolutions

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  • reasons for failure of the 1848/9 revolutions
    • foreign intervention
      • Lombardy - crushed by Austria (Radetzky)
      • Tuscany - Austria help Leopold return
      • Venice - Austria crushes unrest
      • Rome - crushed by France (Oudionot)
    • lack of political unity
      • Lombardy - moderates (Casati) + radicals (Cattaneo)
      • Tuscany - moderates help Leopold II return
    • lack of popular support
      • Sicily - peasants help FII return
      • parochialism
        • lack of understanding of nationalism
    • lack of social unity
      • Sicily + Naples - helped FII return
        • peasant radicals set up provisional govt + National Guard
      • Lombardy - middle class revolt, 5 days of Milan
      • Piedmont - Durando + Pepe returned home
    • reaction of papacy
      • Rome - Pope issues allocution (splits rebels e.g. Gioberti followers disbanded)
      • Piedmont - Durando's troops return to home
      • Piedmont - France puts 30K troops on border
    • weaknesses in leadership
      • Sicily - small scale uprising (local leadership)
      • Lombardy - relied on Piedmont for protection
      • Venice - relied on Piedmont
      • Rome - triumvirate government, slow to act

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