24 Markers

Was succesful:

Overall methods succesful = Six Acts

No revolution

Some acts improved economy to ease tension = relaxation of navgiation Acts 

was not succesful:

Too harsh? Peterloo massacre 1819

Liverpool's success did not last long

Radicalism resurfaced = Swing Riots, threat of civil war - Catholic Emancipation

Were succesful:

Huskission - Trade reforms - Relaxation of Navigation Acts

Peel - Metrapolitan police 1829,  Bank Charter Act 1826 - More investment 

Catholic Emancipation 1928

No revolution 

Not so succesful: 

Combination Laws - limited trade unions

Catholic emancipation - Split Tories

were Liberal:

• Repeal of combination Acts 1824

Pressure from humanitarians:

Peel - Goals Act 1823 - Death penalty abolished 1823 - Metrapolitan police 1829
Huskisson - Free trade - reduced tariffs - reduced cost of living  

Were not Liberal:

• No parliamentary reform
• Kept Corn Laws
• Reforming to survive
• Catholic Emancipation forced 

Was important:

Bristol riots 1830 - Swing Rios 1831 - Threat of revolution

Aliiance of middle and working class - Birmingham Political Union (BPU) 

Not so important: (Other factors)

• Lord Liverpools resignation
• Lord Grey came in (more open to reform)
• William IV took the throne (more open to reform)

Important:

• Economic depression 1838 - 39 (NORMAN GASH)
• Poor housing and wokring conditions
• Frustration with Corn Laws
• Chartism was a political movement to gain better economic conditions 

Not so important (other factors)

• Dissapointment with the Reform Act 1832
• Dissapointment with Whig reforms - Poor law amendmant Act 1834
• Charismatic leaders - Feargus O'Conner + William  Lovett
• Inspired by uprising in France 

Was due to economic reasons:

Chartism peaked in depression of 1839 - 1843

Norman Gash - "Hungry bellies filled the ranks of Charitsts"

Peel's economic reforms and Mid Victorain boom 

Due to other factors:

Divided leadership (Moral or physical force)

Strong Government response (150000 special constables sent to Kennington Common meeting in 1848) 

Lack of middle class support 

Succesful:

Free Trade budget 1842 and 1845

Reintroduction of income tac 1843

The Bank Charter Act 1843

Railway Act 1844

Not so succesful:

Failiure to deal with Irish Famine

Companies Act 1844 (Not apply to all companies)

Were succesful:

• Government finances - Deficit to surplus ££££££
• Economic reforms - e.g. Reintroduction of income tax
• Combatting Chartism
• Defeated O'Connels Act of Union 

 Not so succesful:

• Divisions in Conservative party from 1844
• Social reforms less succesful
• Economic difficulties 1845 - 1846
• The Irish Famine 

Was due to repeal:

• Cheaper food prices - better living standars
• Repeal of Corn Laws - Other countries reduced tariffs = better trade
• Lower costs - First industrial power
• Boom in farming

Was due to other factors:
Economic downturn 1846-48 - After the repeal of Corn Laws

Other factors:
Gladstone built on Peel's reforms - Cutting taxes - Cobden Treaty 1860
PEACE - Lack of competition from rivals
Growth of railways - 14510 in 1875 

Was important:

Congress of Aix La Chapelle 1818:

• France back into European politics 
• Lessen Russian influence 

Canning - Treaty of London 1827 - Lessen Russian influence in the East

Canning - Polignac Memorandum - France's assurance wont attack Southerm American Colonies 

Palmerston - Belgian Revolt - Prussia and Russia pressure France into removing their troops from Belgium in 1831 

Not so important (Other motives) BENTNIL:
Non-Intervention:
Castlereagh - State Paper 1820 - Protested against Russian intervention in Piedmont
Trade: Castlereagh + Canning - South America - Palmerston: Opium War
Liberal Movements: Palmerston and Portugal 

Was shaped by differant motives:
Castlereagh negotiated peace for France
Canning sent naval force (Portugal)

Castlereagh solve issues through an alliance system + Liked Metternich
Canning despised Metternich and did not believe in the Congress System 

Was shaped by the same motives:

• Both wanted to curb Russian inlfuence in Europe
• Both opposed French intervention in Spain
• Both liked Sothern American Colonies
• Both cooperate with European powers 

Were successful:

• Catholic Emancipation
• Defeat of O'Connels repeal movement
• Providing relief by Peel - Repeal of Corn Laws
• Suppression of Young Ireland 1848

Were not successful:

• Tithe Issue
• Impact of the potato famine
• Fenians in 1845 - Remove British influence by force