Paper 1
- Created by: gracebx1
- Created on: 29-12-18 19:53
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- PAPER 1 1.1
- 1.1a
- The skeleton
- Clavicle
- Scapula
- Vertebrae column
- Sternum
- Humerus
- Ulna
- Radius
- Ribs
- Pelvis
- Femur
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsal
- Metatarsal
- Phalanges
- Cranium
- Functions of the skeleton
- Protection- some bones have a large surface area which means they can protect internal organs from injury or the risk of injury
- Movement- skeleton is a shaping framework which allow muscles to attach which creates lever systems so muscle can contract and cause movememt
- Blood cell production- in the bone marrow of long bones cells like re blood cells, white blood cells, platelets are produced
- Mineral storage- bones can store minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and iron to be later released into the blood stream
- Posture-
- Hinge Joint
- Allows Flexion and extension
- Only allows movement in one plane
- Knee- femur, tibia articulate
- Elbow- humerus, radius, ulna articulate
- Components of a joint
- Synovial joint- freely movable joint where two or more bones articulate
- Ligaments- connect bone to bone, prevent extreme movements, prevent dislocation
- Tendons- attach muscle to bone
- Cartilage- prevent the ends of bones rubbing together creating friction, cushion the bones
- Ball and socket Joint
- Allows movement in all three planes
- Allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction
- Shoulder- humerus and scapula articulate
- Hip- pelvis and femur articulate
- Movement Types
- Flexion- decreasing the angle at a joint
- Extension- increasing the angle at a joint
- Adduction- movement towards the midline of the body
- Abduction- movement away from the mid-line of the body
- Rotation- turning/ moving a limb along its long axis
- Circumduction- movement in a circular motion
- The skeleton
- 1.1b
- Muscular system
- Trapezius- allow horizontal abduction at the shoulder
- E.g. a discus athlete when preparing to release a discus
- Pectorals- allows horizontal adduction at the shoulder
- E.g. discus athlete when releasing a discus
- Abdominals- allows flexion of the vertebrae
- E.g. a rugby player in a scrum position
- Triceps- allow extension at the elbow
- E.g. a netball performing releasing a chest pass
- Bicep- allows flexion at the elbow
- E..g a bicep curl
- Deltiod- allows for flexion, extension, abduction at the shoulder
- Flexion- E.g. a tennis player as they lift their arm up to hit a shot
- Extension- E.g. a rounders bowler preparing to bowl the ball
- Abduction- E.g. the preparation phase of a cartwheel
- Hamstring- allow flexion at the knee
- E.g. the preparation phase of kicking a football
- Quadricep- allow extension at the knee
- E.g. the execution phase of kicking a football
- Gastrocnemius- allows for plantar flexion at the ankle
- E.g. a netball player, who is defending a player who they are holding the ball
- Gluteals- allows abduction, rotation, extension at the hip
- Trapezius- allow horizontal abduction at the shoulder
- Antagonistic muscles
- Agonist- working muscle, creates movement, shortens to contract
- Antagonist- counteracts the movement, co-rodinates the movement, lengthen to relax
- Fixator- stabilize the movement
- E.g. hamstring and quadricep
- Muscular system
- 1.1.c
- Lever Systems
- Components of a lever
- Lever- rigid bone
- Fulcrum- fixed point/ pivot
- Effort- where the force is applied
- Load- where the resistance is coming from
- Third class lever- effort- fulcrum- load
- E.g. Heading a football
- Effort- neck muscles contracting
- Fulcrum- neck joint
- Load- weight of the cranium
- E.g. Heading a football
- Second class lever- fulcrum-load-effort
- E.g. a long jumper jumping off at the take off board
- Fulcrum- ankle joint
- Load- weight of the body and gravity
- Effort- gastrocnemius contracting
- E.g. a long jumper jumping off at the take off board
- Third class lever- fulcrum-effort-load
- E.g. a bicep curl
- Fulcrum- elbow joint
- Effort- bicep muscle flexing
- Load- weight of the dumbbell
- E.g. a bicep curl
- Mechanical advantage- the ability to move a large load with a small amount of effort
- Components of a lever
- Planes of movement
- Sagittal plane- a plane of movement that vertically divides the body into left and right
- Movement- flexion and extension
- E.g. running action of the arm and legs in a 100 m sprint
- Frontal plane- a plan e of movement that vertically divides the body from the front and back
- Movement- adduction and abduction
- E.g. the leg and arm action of a cartwheel
- Transverse axis- a plane of movement that divides the body horizontally into upper and back sections
- Movement-rotation
- E.g. the release of a disucs throw
- Sagittal plane- a plane of movement that vertically divides the body into left and right
- Axes of rotation
- Longitudinal axis- an axes of rotation that runs through the body vertically
- E.g. a figure skater performs a spin
- Frontal axis- an axis of rotation that runs through the body horizontally from the back to the front
- E.g. a gymnast performs a cartwheel
- Transverse axis- an axis of rotation that runs horizontally from side to side
- E.g. a high deep diver performers a somersault
- Longitudinal axis- an axes of rotation that runs through the body vertically
- Lever Systems
- 1.1.d
- Cardiovascular System
- Circulation
- Systemic circulation- a transportation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body
- Pulmonary circulation- a transportation of blood between the lungs and heart
- Blood vessels
- Arteries
- Carry oxygenated blood
- Away from the heart
- At a high pressure
- Thick musuclar walls
- Has a pulse
- Veins
- Carry deoxygenated blood
- Towards the heart
- At a low pressure
- Large lumen
- Thin walls
- No pulse
- Have valves to prevent the backflow of blood
- Capillaries
- Thin walls to allow diffusion
- Arteries
- Pathway of Blood
- 1) Deoxygenated blood enters the heart via the vena cava going into the right atrium
- 2) it it pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
- 3) It is passes through the semi luna valve into the pulomary artery to go to the lungs to be oxygenated
- 4) Oxygenated blood returns via thew pulmonary vein into the left atrium.
- 5) It is then pumped through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.
- 6) it then passes through the semi luna valve into the aorta to the rest of the body
- Red blood cells- carry oxygen to the workin gmsucles and take away carbon dioxide fdrom thmem
- Measurements if the heart
- Heart rate- numbe rof heart beats per minute
- Stroke volume- volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle per contraction
- Cardiac output- volume of blood ejected by the heart in a minute
- Circulation
- Respiratory System
- Pathway of air
- 1) Air enters the mouth/ nasal cavity warm/ moist
- 2) It then travels down the trachea
- 3) It then goes through one of either bronchi
- 3) Then it travels through the bronchioles to the alveoli
- Gaseous exchange
- In the bloodstream there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide
- in the alveoli there is a low concentration
- therefore the carbon dioxide diffuses in the alveoli from a high concentration to a low concentration to be expired
- in the alveoli there is a low concentration
- In the alveoli there is a high concetration of oxygen
- Whereas in the bloodstream there is a low concentration of oxygen
- Therefore the oxygen diffuses from an area off high concentration to an area of low concentration to move around the body
- Whereas in the bloodstream there is a low concentration of oxygen
- In the bloodstream there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide
- Mechanics of breathing
- Inspiration
- 1) Intercostal muscles contract and move the ribs downwards and outwards
- 2) The diaphragm contracts flattening out
- 3) The lung cavity increases and the pressure decrease which causes air to be sucked in
- Expiration
- 1) Intercostal muscles relax and move the ribs upwards and inwards
- 2) The diaphragm relaxes reverting back to its original dome shape
- 3) The lung cabvity decreases which causes the pressure to increase so air is forced pout
- Inspiration
- Measurements of the lungs
- Breathing rate- the number of breaths per minute
- Tidal volume- the volume of air inspired or expired per minute
- Minute ventilation- volume of air inspired or expired per minute
- Pathway of air
- Cardiovascular System
- 1.1e
- Short term Effects of exercise
- increased muscle temperature
- Increased speed of chemical reactions
- Increased energy production
- increased flexibility and range of motion joints
- Decreased risk of injury
- Increased production of lactic acid
- Decreased rate of chemical reactions
- decreased energy production
- Increased musclur fatigue and pain
- Increased SV, HR,Q-
- Increased blood flow, oxygen, nutrient delivery and removal pf waste
- Re-disruption of blood flow to the muscles
- a movement of blood flow to the muscles rather than the organs during exercise- vascular shunt
- Increased f, TV, VE
- Increased rate and depth pf breathing
- Increased volume of air for gaseous exchange
- increased volume of oxygen
- Increased oxygen availability, energy production, waste product removal
- increased muscle temperature
- Long term Effects of exercise
- Capillarisation
- Increased no. of capillaries on alveoli and muscle surfaces
- Increase gaseous exhcange
- Increased aerobic capacity
- Increased ability of breathe in
- Increased use of oxygen
- Inbcreases the intensity and duration of performance
- Increased strength of respiratory muscles
- Increased force of conractions
- Increases volume of the chest cavity and lung volume
- Increase TV and VE
- Increaased voume of oxygen, diffused into the bloodstream and removal of waste products
- Hypertrophy of the heart
- Muslces get bigger and stronger
- Allows HR to decrease at rest
- Decreased resting HR and increasing resting SV
- More blood ejected per beat so it doesn't need to beat as often
- Increased speed of recovery
- SV, Q, BF are higher so waste products are removed quicker allowing faster recovery rates
- Increased bone density
- Increasced minera density, calcium l absorption
- Increase bone strength
- Decrease risk of injury and protect against osteoporosis
- Hypertrophy of muscles,and increased muscular strength
- Incvreased fast twitch muscle fibre size
- Increased muscle strength, reistance to fatigue
- Increased muscular endurance and reistance to fatigue
- Increased sl;ow twitch muscle fibres
- Increased energy production and train at a higher intensity for longer
- Capillarisation
- Short term Effects of exercise
- 1.1a
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