Organic Chemistry
- Created by: bambi
- Created on: 29-05-13 15:42
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- Organic Chemistry
- nucleoplilic substiution
- Involves a nucleoplile which has an electron pair donar
- The halopgens are more elexctronegative than carbon C+_Br-so the carbon halogen bond is polar
- The C+ does not have any electrons which means it can be attracted by a nucleoplile
- oH- , cn- and nH3- all have nucleopliles which react with haloalkanes
- Nucleoplile donates to C+ and bonds to it the electron pair go to the halogen and breaks off so it now has a spare pair of electrons
- However with nucleoplilic addition with NH3 there is more than one step after the Nh3 has joined onto the halalkane the Nh3 becomes electron dificent so another nh3 comes takes a hydrogen and donates its spare pair of electrons creating a haloalkane connected to NH2 , Nh4 and the halide with a spare pair of electrons
- and then this can happen again with the br-
- Free radical substitution
- Initiation
- The chlorine is split by energy from ultraviolet radiation
- 2nd propogation
- The Nh3 attacks a cl2 forming Nh3cl + a cl free radical
- 1st propagation
- 2 free radicals created from the split of chlorine
- the cl attaches to Nh4 forming a free radical of ch3 and Hcl
- Termination
- Two free radicals join together to for a stable molecule and stop the chain reaction you can either get a ch3 and cl free radical to form Ch3cl or two ch3 to form ch3ch3 or rarely two chlorine to form cl2
- Initiation
- Chlorination Ozon
- The formation of ozon
- O2 is converted to 2 ) free radicals which react with 02 to form 03
- The stability of cfcs means that they remain intact until they reach the upper atmosphere. There they absorb ultraviolet which then creates chlorine free radicals
- Formation of 02 from 03 is 203 _302
- other eqautions are cl2- +02= Clo free radical + o2
- Clo+ o3 = Cl free radical +202
- The formation of ozon
- Electroplilic addition
- An electroplile is attracted to an electron rich double bond
- One side of the electropile is electro positive the other is electro negative
- Electrons from the doulble bond are attracted to the positive side of the nucleoplile . the electons go to postive atom
- However as the negative side of the electroplile is more electro negative the electrons travel to it causing the ion to break off . The postive ion has already bonded to the most stable carbon
- as the double bond has been broken a carbocation has formed on the other carbon which had a double bond the ion the new pair of 2 free electrons is is attracted to this atom and these two bond together onto the haloalkene
- elimination
- The difference between elimiation and nucleoplilic attition is that in elimination the molecule formed has a double bond
- In oh elimination the oh goes to the hydrogen the arrow goes to the middle carbon bond than to the Br-
- The Br breaks off and the bond that was connected to the Br is now part of the double bond
- Untitled
- nucleoplilic substiution
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