Organic chemistry
- Created by: LauraNannini
- Created on: 21-04-20 08:09
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- Topic 6b
- Halogenoalkanes
- Properties
- CnH2n+1X
- Primary - one carbon attached to main carbon
- Secondary - 2 carbon chains attached to main carbon
- Tertiary - 3 carbon chains attached to the main carbon
- Main carbon- the carbon atom the halogen is attached to
- Primary - one carbon attached to main carbon
- Secondary - 2 carbon chains attached to main carbon
- Main carbon- the carbon atom the halogen is attached to
- Properties
- Nucleophilic subsitiution
- :OH- & :NH3
- Swapping occurs
- Halide ion is lost and the Nucleophile replaces it
- Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes
- Silver nitrate is added to form percipitates
- Chloride ions = white
- Bromide ions = cream
- Iodide ions = yellow
- Iodide ions from a precipitate the fastest
- Haloalkanes + Hydroxide ions
- Must be done in heat under reflux
- Haloalkaes reacted with sodium/potassium hydroxide
- :OH- is much stronger than the halide ion on the carbon chain and so replaces it
- Haloalkanes and ammonia
- reacted with Ammonia dissolved in ethanol
- Ammonia acts as a nucleophile
- Haloalkanes with potassium cyanide
- Forms a nitrile
- Preformed under reflux
- CN- acts as a nucleophile
- Haloalkanes with Alcoholic OH- ions
- Makes an alkene
- elimination occurs due to the alcoholic nature of the reaction
- Alcohols
- Properties
- CnH2n+OH
- Can be primary, secondary or tertiary
- Polar molecules that can dissolve in water
- Properties
- Alcohols + oxygen and sodium
- Oxygen- undergoes complete combustion
- Sodium- form sodium oxides and hydrogen gas
- Substitution reactions of alcohols
- Phosphorus chloride (PCl5)
- Room temperature
- Primary- POCl3 + HCl
- Secondary- H2O
- Tertiary- H3PO3
- Primary alcohols
- Partial oxidation
- alcohol to aldehyde
- Orange to green
- Potassium dichromate reagent
- Full oxidation
- Carboxylic acid- orange to green colour
- Partial oxidation
- Secondary alcohols
- Potassium dichromate to make a ketone
- Halogenoalkanes
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