Nicholas II 1894-1917
- Created by: heathercross
- Created on: 15-05-16 08:00
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- Nicholas II
- opposition
- increased protests from students over the regime
- 1901 Cossacks killed 13 students and 1500 were imprisoned
- 'years of the red cockerel' - peasants burnt barns and grain and even attacked landlords.
- this resulted in 'Stolypin's neckties' were peasants were beaten, shot or exiled in their thousands.
- number of industrial strikes increased to 90000 in 1904
- chief of the Okhrana organised his own police run unions so it provided official channels but in 1903 there was a general strike
- Father Gregorii Gapon organised assembly of St Petersburg factory workers in 1904 and had 8000 members
- increased protests from students over the regime
- Russo-Japanese war
- fighting over 6000 miles away with inadequate weapons and training
- 1904 Plehve was assassinated and cries were made for a Duma
- surrendered Port Arthur
- 1905 revolution
- Bloody Sunday 9tth of January
- Fathere Gapon led a peaceful march around 150000 workers to the winter palace
- 12000 troops fired at them and more than 150 dead and more wounded
- influenced by strikes at the Putilov strikes on 3rd
- assassination of grand duke Sergei Aleksandrovich
- Zemstva liberals meet in Moscow
- rejected Bulygin's draft proposal
- April All-Russian union of railways set up and many more set up
- 8/9th 'union of unions set up
- Mutiny on the Potemkin 14th June- killed 7 officers and put their bodies on the steps, troops fired at townsfolk and sailors 2000 killed and 3000 wounded
- finished 19th December
- Bloody Sunday 9tth of January
- October manifesto
- grant civic freedom
- establish a state duma and give power to approve laws
- strikes still continued and therer were Jewish pogroms
- Dumas
- 2 chambers
- lower chamber- state duma indirect voting and deputies had 5 years
- upper chamber- state council half elected by zemstva half elected by Tsar
- fundamental laws 23rd April 1906
- tsar had right to veto and rule by decree in emergencies could appoint and dismiss and dissolve duma if wishs
- command by land and sea, declare and get peace, control of foreign relations, military and household expenditure and overturn verdicts and control the church
- political groups
- SD 1898
- split in 1903 into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
- SR 1901
- Labour group trudoviks
- Constitutional democrats kadets
- Octobrists union of 17 October
- progessives
- rightists
- nationalists
- SD 1898
- the duma of national hopes May-July 1906 dominated by mensheviks Srs and rightists it was heavily critical of the Tsar 'address to the throne'
- the duma of national angry feburary-june 1907 dominated by all but Bolsheviks and stolypin got rid of it because so left wing and a plot to kill the tsar
- the duma of lords and lackneys November 1907-june 1912 Bolsheviks, kadets and trudoviks and was suspended twice but was most submissive
- the fourth duma November 1912-1917 docile and lasted so long because it was ignored the whole time - made up of the same parties
- 2 chambers
- economic developments 1908 -1914
- state revenue doubled and the number of banks rose from 1146 - 2393
- number of factories increased 22600-224900 and so did the number of workers by 0.4 million
- second in the world for oil production and 4th for coal and steel
- second largest railway of 62200km
- Russia was still behind the rest of Europe in terms of national income growth and foreign trade
- agriculture - stolypin's land reforms
- state and crown banks made available to peasants and migration to Siberia increased
- peasant land banks established and had right to leave communes
- 1907 redemption payments abolished
- social
- workers had poor living conditions and often died of disease cholera 1908-09
- higher education level 55% of children in education
- lena goldfield massacre 1912 500 killed for better wages and conditions
- middle class developed and nobles and peasants suffered
- Chekhov, Tolstoy,dostoevsky
- 1914 WW1
- high national solidarity until defeat at Battle of Tannenburg 300000 died
- Alexandria was in control of Petrograd and there were rumours she was sabotaging the war effort along with Rasputin
- Russia's economy wasn't ready and the military was not up to soldiers and had to take weapons of fallen soldiers
- lots of food shortages and inflation rates rose rapidly
- 14th feb 100000 from 58 factories went on strike and bread rationing created long queues and police were attacked
- 24th feb 200000 workers went on strike next day 250000 on the 27th a mutiny in the police started
- Petrograd soviet was set up and tsar resigned on the 1st of march and was put in house arrest with his ministers
- opposition
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