Motivation
- Created by: meg_lou
- Created on: 02-05-17 12:12
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- Motivation
- What is it?
- Definition
- 'Any state or condition that causes us to initiate, choose, inhibit or persist in specific situations'
- Why behaviour occurs
- Directs and energises behaviour
- What are the needs of the individual?
- What incentives would satisfy needs?
- Set appropriate goals for them to achieve those rewards
- Definition
- Biological theories
- Based on physiological needs
- Survival
- Innate need for motivation
- Hunger, thirst, sex all aid survival
- Generally the same among all people
- Innate need for motivation
- Instinct - fixed action pattern of involuntary responses
- Lorenz - imprinting of ducks
- McDougall's (1908) list of human instincts
- E.g. curiosity, parental care, pugnacity
- Bowlby's (1982) attachment theory
- Drive reduction
- Drive to solve a situation and reach a balance (homeostasis)
- Survival
- Based on physiological needs
- Learned motivation
- Incentives to perform rather than need to perform
- Content theories - what motivates people
- McClelland's need for achievement
- Not everybody has the work ethic
- Pursuit of excellence, status aspiration, acquisitiveness, competitiveness
- Measure against others as well as measure against own standards
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- Individuals may be at different levels so will be motivated by different things
- Depends on perception i.e. think you are a higher level than you are
- From physiological needs (e.g. hunger) to self-actualisationneeds (e.g. fulfillment)
- Individuals may be at different levels so will be motivated by different things
- Alderfer's ERG theory
- Needs related to existence, relatedness and growth
- Hierarchal but descend if higher needs not met
- Needs related to existence, relatedness and growth
- McClelland's need for achievement
- Process theories -
- Equity theory
- Equity - sense of fairness
- Effort-reward comparison
- Social comparison
- Perceived inequity leads to reduced effort/demotivation
- Expectancy theory
- F (motivating force of an individual)
- Sum of E (expectancy of achieving outcomes) x V (value of each outcome to that individual)
- F (motivating force of an individual)
- Goal setting theory
- Commitment/acceptance of a goal is determined by incentives and self-perception of ability
- Difficult but specific goals make higher performance
- Commitment - degree of attraction to a goal
- Acceptance - goal perceived as possible to achieve
- Goal difficulty - relationship between person and goal
- Subjective depending on ability and experience
- Goal difficulty - relationship between person and goal
- Acceptance - goal perceived as possible to achieve
- Commitment/acceptance of a goal is determined by incentives and self-perception of ability
- Equity theory
- What is it?
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