Machu Picchu - UNIT 4 Case Studies

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  • Machu Picchu (unable to find the 'balance')
    • Sources
      • www.geographyfieldwork,com, Geofile January 2008 (Issue 158)
    • Location/type of tourism
      • Peru, South America, in the Andes Mountains / Mass Tourism
      • More than 300,000 people a year make trek to Machu Picchu = media influence was crucial to it's popularisation
    • + impacts of tourism
      • Brings in outside dollars to support local communities
      • Facilities that are built for tourists are supported/accepted by locals
      • Generates $6m a year from just entrance fees
      • + Positive Multipler Effect - brings in money - tourist money returned to local economy and spent over again - help attract TNCs to support industry
      • Tourists don't intend to damage, just to tick off their bucket list (National Geographic News)
    • - impacts of tourism
      • May attract visitors whose lifestyles/ideas conflict with communities
      • Overloading of people lead to health problems and 'honeypot sites'
      • 1998 - 53,000 tourists walked the Inca trail = more erosion than ever
      • 2010 - mudslides killed a tour guide and visitor, 475 visitors hd to be airlifted from area
    • Management
      • Protection of area is controlled and managed by the UN
      • Programa Machu Picchu: conservation program funded through debt-swap with Finnish government to protect town of Aguas Calientes
        • Strengthen the administration of the sanctuary, establish strategies for protecting the environment and development of town and introduced a daily limit of 2,5000 tourists
      • Peru Treks and Adventure: tour operator that ploughs half of it's profits into local assistance
        • Founder pointed out that the tourists must also play their part to conserve the area e.g. wear soft shoes and spread the word to their friends and families
      • Head of Machu Picchu Management (umbrella agency trying to coordinate all organisations running through the site, advised numbers should be cut to 300 rather than 1,500 a day
    • Management successfulness
      • Successful
        • The UN reduced amount of infrastructure construction, cut tourists by 800 and admission increased from $20 to $50
          • Inca Trail - numbers of people on trail limited to 500 and all trek with registered company, ensuring that hikers keep to the trail conservation rules
            • Aguas Clients receives now 10% of ticket receipts from Machu Picchu to improve infrastructure e.g. sewage and waste treatment
            • Responsible  Tourism, a international company, advertises their trail holidays are bound by a code where the porter must have adequate food, clothing, rest, life insurance and be over 18 years old
        • July 2007 - UNESCO acknowledged the efforts Peru had made in managing the site and removed them from the endangered list
      • Unsuccessful
        • 1999 UN expressed concerns that visual quality was already seriously affected
          • The site fee is far above most local people's ability to pay to enter what  is effectively a sacred site for them
        • Complicated management system involving several government departments often with contrasting aims: Machu Picchu's Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for all of Peru's natural protected areas but only funds 1 director and 32 guards (the Peak District employs 300 people)
          • Porters are exploited, whose pay was often the first thing to be cut by enterprises seeking to save money
            • Plans to build a road from Cuzco and a cable car from Aguas Calientes have been put on hold since 2001

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