Levels of processing
- Created by: lucyhindle
- Created on: 07-02-15 13:05
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- Levels of Processing Theory
- Craik and Lockhart 1972
- General
- Structural
- Phonological
- Semantic
- Deep processing
- Strong memory trace
- Semantic
- Shallow processing
- Weak memory trace
- Phonological
- Incoming stimuli pass through a series of analytic mechanisms
- strength of trace depends on ; attention, depth of processing, connections with existing knowledge
- prediction: the amount of recall depends on how deep the stimuli are processed
- Deep processing- Semantic processing, elaboration rehearsal
- Structural
- Shallow Level
- processed visually
- Phonetic Level
- Processed acoustically, deeper level of processing
- Semantic Level
- processed semantically, deepest level
- Experiments
- Elias and Perfetti 1973- greater recognition of words they throught of similes for rather than words they thought of rhymes for
- Craik and Tulving 1975- highest recognition of semantic stimuli, then phono, then structural
- Morris et al 1977- semantic not always best, with recognition semantic was best, with rhyming recognition phono was best
- Eval- Influential model, focussed researchers on processes they tended to neglect. Nature of a trace depends on encoding processes- well supported
- Real life applications- reworking, method of loci, imagery
- Rehersal
- Simple maintenance rehearsal- holds information, prevents it being forgotten, doesn't lead to LTM
- Elaborative rehearsal- increases depth information is processed. Analysis/ evaluation of the information. leads to LTM
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