Craik & Tulving - levels of processing
- Created by: individdy0410
- Created on: 21-03-16 13:08
View mindmap
- Craik & Tulving (1975) "depth of processing and the retention of words in the episodic memory"
- Aims
- To test the claims of the levels of processing framework
- To investigate whether processing words at different levels (semantically, phonetically, structurally) affected the recall of words
- Results
- Semantic processing did lead to a better memory of words - participants were more likely to recognize words from the list if they'd been processed at a semantic level
- The percentage of structurally processed words that were correctly recognized was 17%
- The percentage of phonetically processed words that were correctly recognized was 36%
- The percentage of semantically processed words that were correctly recognized was 65%
- It was also noted that participants took longer to respond to the questions that required a deeper level of processing
- Conclusions
- The experiment supports the prediction made by the levels of processing approach
- The deeper information that is processed, with semantic being the deepest and structural being the shallowest, the more likely it is to be remembered
- Procedure
- 1) 24 participants were tested individually and were shown 60 words via a tachistoscope for around 200 milliseconds
- 3) each question related to a particular level of processing
- Condition 1: structural processing, eg. "is the word in capital letters?"
- Condition 2: phonetic processing, eg. "does the word rhyme with this word?"
- Condition 3: semantic processing, eg. "does the word fit in this sentence?"
- 2) before each word was displayed, a yes/no answer question was asked about the word
- Repeated measures design - everyone took part in all three conditions
- Experimenters used counter-balancing as the conditions were run in a variety of orders to ensure that no one type of processing always occurred first or last
- 4) participants were then given an unexpected recall task - they had to recognize the 60 original words in a list of 180
- IV - level of processing DV - number of words correctly remembered
- Several variations of this procedure were reported
- Aims
Comments
No comments have yet been made