How organisms use ATP
- Created by: Kassia
- Created on: 18-02-14 11:58
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- How organisms use ATP
- What is it?
- The immediate source of energy in a cell
- Stored as chemical energy in the phosphate bond
- Bonds between phosphate groups are unstable and easily broken
- ATP + (H2O) --> ADP + Pi
- Energy is released
- ATPase enzyme
- Hydrolysis
- ADP + Pi --> ATP
- ATP Synthase
- Energy is used
- Diffuses to the part of the cell that needs energy
- The immediate source of energy in a cell
- What is it needed for?
- Metabolic activity
- Movement both within an organism (blood circulation) and the organism itself
- Active transport
- Maintenance, repair and division of cells and organelles
- Production of substances e.g. enzymes and hormones
- Maintenance of body temp
- Photosynthesis
- Light dependant reaction
- Light energy is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments and converted to chemical energy
- ATP transfers energy and NADH transfers hydrogen
- Energy from the excited electrons makes ATP
- Excited electrons lose energy as they move along the electron transport chain
- This energy is used to transport protons into the thylakoid.
- Thylakoid has a higher concentration of protons than the stroma
- This forms a proton gradient across the membrane
- Thylakoid has a higher concentration of protons than the stroma
- Protons move down their concentration gradient into the stroma
- Via ATP synthase enzyme
- The energy from this movement combines ADP with Pi to form ATP
- Light independent reaction
- ATP from light dependant reaction provides energy to turn GP into TP
- Uses the rest of the ATP to regenerate RuBP from TP
- Light dependant reaction
- Properties
- Stores and releases only a small, amount of energy at a time
- No energy is wasted
- More manageable
- Small and soluble, so easily transported around the cell
- Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single reaction releasing immediate energy
- Can transfer energy to another molecule by transferring one of its phosphate groups
- Cannot be stored, so has to be continuously made within the mitochondria of cells that need it
- Stores and releases only a small, amount of energy at a time
- Respiration
- Glycolysis
- Phosphorylation
- Glucose is phosphorylated from 2 Pi from 2 ATP
- 2 molecules of TP and 2 molecules of ADP
- Glucose is phosphorylated from 2 Pi from 2 ATP
- Oxidation
- TP is oxidised = 2 pyruvate
- 4 ATP produced, but net gain is 2 ATP
- Phosphorylation
- Krebs cycle
- Produces H atoms carried by NAD to ETC for oxidative phosphorylation
- Leads to the productions of ATP
- Produces H atoms carried by NAD to ETC for oxidative phosphorylation
- Electron Transport Chain
- NADH and FADH donate e- of H atoms to 1st molecule in ETC
- Protons of H atoms are released and actively transported across inner mitochondrial membrane
- e- pass along ET carrier molecules, redox reactions
- Electrons lose energy as they pass down the chain
- This energy is used to combine ADP + Pi --> ATP
- Electrons lose energy as they pass down the chain
- Protons accumulate in the space between 2 mitochondrial membranes
- They diffuse back into the matrix via special protein channels
- Electrons combine with these protons and oxygen to form water
- 1 Glucose = 32 ATP
- Glycolysis
- Active Transport
- Uses energy (ATP) to move molecules and ions against concentration gradient
- Exchange across plasma membranes
- Carrier Protteins
- Plants - roots - mineral ions in the soil
- What is it?
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