Henry's changing relations with the Catholic Church and the break with Rome

Created by: BeccaEK
Created on: 07-04-15 16:44

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Henry's changing relations with the Catholic Church and the break with Rome
- Criticisms of the Church
  - Humanists complained of pluralism, absenteeism, simony, nepotism, uneducated clergy + wealthy clergy
    - Criticisms muted during Wolsey's rule
  - Most anti-clericalism dates from 1530s
    - English Church in 1520s = well respected + highly regarded
  - Ultimately King not Wolsey ran the Church
    - English Church = Erastian Kingship
- Wolsey as Papal Legate
  - Appointed in 1518 for life
    - Unusual to be given title for so long
  - Bishops appointed in this time all sound + well qualified
  - Organised visitations of greater monasteries
  - Strove to imrpve provison of education for poor sudents
- The Great Matter
  - Henry had no son + feared Mary unacceptable soverign
    - There had not been a female ruler
    - Believed lack of son to be punishment from God
  - Henry believed Pope could not allow his marriage
    - He had married his sister-in-law
  - Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn
- Weak case for annulment
  - He argued using Leviticus
    - Deuteronomy says a man should marry his brother's wife if he dies
  - Catherine claimed her marriage to Arthur had not be consumated
  - His attitude towards Anne Boleyn appeared he wanted her as a prettier, younger wife
  - Catherine highly regarded in court
    - Anne not highly regarded
- The fall of Wolsey
  - Hoped to be made acting Pope
    - Would allow him to annul marriage
  - Charged with praemunire
    - Serving Pope before King
    - But King was reluctant to get rid of him
  - Boleyn faction said he was deliberately failing to get annulment
- How Henry broke from Rome
  - Took 6 years and a lot of diplomacy
  - Archbishop of Canterbury unsympathetic toward attempt at annulment
    - Henry had to wait until he died to appoint Cranmer the position in 1532
  - Henry thought Pope would eventually yield (he didn't)
    - Henry needed Papl approval to ensure next marriage was as legitimate
  - Henry put increasing pressure on Pope + English Church
    - Put him in position to claim he was real head of Church
  - 1532 Submission of the clergy - agreed to acknowledge him as supreme head of church
    - As far as law of Christ allows
- Series of Parliamentary laws
  - 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals
    - All legal cases in England decided + determined in England
      - Illegal to appeal to foreign power (e.g. Pope)
      - Catherine could not appeal for foreign aid
  - 1534 Act of Succession
    - Henry + Catherine never married so Mary a *******
    - Marriage to Anne = legitimate so any children were true heirs
  - 1534 Act of Supremacy
    - Henry = Supreme heead of Church in England
      - Declared Kings of England always had been head of church
  - 1534 The Treason Act
    - Major widening of definition of treason
    - Could be used to dispose of oppoistion
    - Declared treason could now be committed via words as well as actions
- Doctinal changes in 1530s
  - King's Supremacy
    - England had broken away from Rome's control
  - The Ten Articles
    - Made limited moves toward Lutheran ideas
  - The Bishops' Book 1537
    - Drawn up to fill in gaps left by Ten Articles
      - 4 lost sacraments rediscovered
  - Cromwell's injunctions 1536
    - Clergy to educate children + preach of Supremacy + Ten Artices
    - Number of holy days (holidays) decreased
  - Cromwell's injunctions 1538
    - Religious images to be removed
    - Sermons against veneration of relics/images
- Reformation on hold 1538-1540
  - 1538 John Lambert burnt at stake
    - He argued body of Christ not present in Eucharist
      - Such radical ideas not tolerated
  - 1539 The Act of Six Articles
    - Transubstantiation - bread + wine become body + blood
    - Clerical celibacy - clergy cannot marry
    - Communion of both kinds (cread + wine reserved for clergy - others get bread only
    - Vows of chastity -must be upheld
    - Mass for dead = important
    - Auricular confession - oral confession of sin to priest
- Overthrow of Cromwell 1540
  - Dismissed + executed for treason
    - Real reason = Henry's failure of marriage to Anne of Cleves
  - Accused of Heresy

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