Gold rush

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  • Gold Rush
    • Found in California in 1848
      • Gold was found by James Marshall, working at John Sutter's sawmill in California
        • January 1848
        • 9 days before California changed hands from Mexico to USA
      • News leaked and people went crazy with 'Gold fever'
      • In December President Polk boasted in his message to Congress of the riches to be found
      • Soon there were tens of thousands of fortune-seekers coming to California
        • Known as the 49ers
      • During 1848-1842 the non-native American population rose from a estimation 14000 to about 225000.
        • Many lived in makeshift camps, some of which grew into mining towns
      • Some came by settlers' trails others by sea
      • Some came to run service industries; store keepers, saloon owners, prostitution etc
    • Not everyone made a fortune
      • The first gold was found by panning the stream beds
        • Most people only came equipped for this method, but the streams were soon exhausted and expensive underground mining took over
      • Prices for everything were huge, including transport home
        • Many 49ers had little choice, work for mining companies in foul conditions or starve
    • Problems with law and order
      • Criminals were attracted to the Gold Rush
      • Until 1866, the USA had no law regulating mining claims
        • The minders had to organise their own system for recording and defending claims
      • They formed their own miners' court. They had no permanent prison, so death sentences were often carried out
      • As some mining towns grew, committees of civic-minded people arranged for full municipal government
    • Native Americans and the environment suffered
      • In California the Native American population dropped from around 15000 to less tjan 30000 during 1845-1870
      • Chemicals used for mining polluted the environment

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