DSM A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY
- Created by: Fennstorey
- Created on: 20-09-18 08:40
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- DSM
- BASICS
- Classifies disorders into different types
- Symptoms of disorders are listed so they can be recognized
- Physical changes
- e.g. Brain activity and hormone levels
- Behavioural changes
- e.g. shaking
- Cognitive changes
- e.g. hallucinations
- Affective changes
- e.g. mood swings
- Physical changes
- DSM-I (1952)
- Common system of diagnosis which allowed psychiatrists to communicate
- First published in USA 1917
- Contained statistics gathered from mental hospitals
- Became a manual for military doctors
- Dealing with effects of battle like shock and trauma
- Had 102 diagnostic categories
- Split into two types: those brought on by some sort of brain damage (drugs, shock, injury) and those formed by early experience, notably psychoses and neuroses
- Freud's psycho dynamic theory dominated this DSM's diagnostic classifications
- The psychodynamic approach was challenged in the 1950s and '60s
- especially by learning theorists like Albert Bandura and radical psychologists like Thomas Szasz
- argued that mental illness was a "myth
- especially by learning theorists like Albert Bandura and radical psychologists like Thomas Szasz
- The psychodynamic approach was challenged in the 1950s and '60s
- DSM-II (1968)
- Was revised in 1974
- In the 1970s, confidence in this edition of the DSM was shaken
- Rosenhan's 1973 study exposed DSM-II as an unreliable tool, because it could not "tell the sane from the insane"
- Spitzer & Fleiss' 1974 study compared 18 investigations into the the reliability of DSM-II
- showed psychiatrists coming up with different diagnoses for the same symptoms. They concluded
- offensive diagnosis of homosexuality removed, thanks to pressure from gay rights activists
- In the 1970s, confidence in this edition of the DSM was shaken
- The psychodynamic approach was challenged in the 1950s and '60s
- especially by learning theorists like Albert Bandura and radical psychologists like Thomas Szasz
- argued that mental illness was a "myth
- especially by learning theorists like Albert Bandura and radical psychologists like Thomas Szasz
- Some Freudian terminology was removed
- more emphasis on the "ordinary" mental illness that people might suffer from in everyday life
- Homosexuality was no longer a "sociopathic disturbance" but was Homosexuality was no longer a "sociopathic disturbance"
- classified as a sexual deviance
- Has 182 disorders
- Was revised in 1974
- DSM-III (1980)
- Revised 1987
- Turned its back on Freud and embraced a view of mental illness based on observation and biological evidence
- Was called a 'fateful turning point in the history of the American psychiatric profession'
- Was popular and used widely
- Created a common language of diagnosis in mental health
- this standardised language produced a boom in research into mental health in the '80s and '90s
- Created a common language of diagnosis in mental health
- Number of diagnoses went up to 256 and up to 292 in 198
- Man in charge of DSM-III was Robert Spitzer
- His research had criticized DSM and removed homosexuality from the previous version
- He criticized DSM-III saying that it caused the medicalization of 20-30% of the population who may not have has any serious mental porblems
- DSM-IV (1994)
- 297 diagnostic categories
- Change the way mental disorders were described by putting them on 5 axes.
- The first axis- psychiatric diagnoses-and the other axes considered things like personality problems, general medical conditions, environmental stress and "global functioning"
- Attempted to be less reductionist and more holistic
- Looking at the patients complete health rather than some symptoms
- DSM-5 (2013)
- No more axes
- Critics said these were artificial and made it hard to draw links between different symptoms
- 157 diagnostic categories
- Autistic spectrum disorder has become just one category. The old categories of autism have been merged together
- The same has been done with schizophrenia spectrum disorder
- Childhood Bipolar Disorder has been replaced by a more general Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
- changes to DSM-5 reflect changes in society
- e.g. Dementia is a growing problem now that people live longer and DSM-5 reclassifies this as a disorder and separates major dementia and mild dementia to encourage doctors to diagnose it early
- The offensive phrase "mental retardation” is finally out of the DSM
- No more axes
- BASICS
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