drug development
- Created by: Muskaan Dhaliwal
- Created on: 05-08-19 18:11
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- drug development
- drugs have to be tested and trialled before to check they are safe and effective
- new drugs are tested for:
- efficacy; make sure the drug works
- toxicity; check that the drug is not poisonous
- dose; the most suitable amount to take
- preclinical trials; using cells, tissues and live animals
- must be carried out before drug can be tested on humans
- clinical trials; use healthy volunteers and patients
- stage 1; healthy volunteers try small dose of drug to see if it safe and check for side effects
- stage 2; a small number of patients try drug at a low dose to see if it works
- stage 3; a larger number of patients- different doses are trialled to find optimum dose
- stage 4; a double blind trial will occur.
- the patients are divided into groups
- some are given the drug some are given a placebo
- a placebo can look identical to the new drug but contains no active ingredients
- some are given the drug some are given a placebo
- a double blind trial; patients and scientists don't know who receives the placebo or the drug
- this avoids bias results
- the patients are divided into groups
- originally drugs were extracted from plants and micro-organisms
- e.g. digitalis; extracted from foxglove plants (used as a heart drug)
- e.g. aspirin; a painkiller and anti-inflammatory (found in willow bark)
- e.g. penicillin; discovered by alexander fleming from the penicillium mould and used as an antibiotic
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