Biology
- Created by: Joanne
- Created on: 16-06-13 13:34
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- DNA in Science and technology
- UNIT 2
- DNA replication
- Meiosis
- Sexual reproduction
- Gametes have haploid number of chromasomes
- gives diploid number of chromasomes to offspring
- Crossing over
- chromatids pair up and parts of the chromatids swap over - the chromatids have the same genes but a different combination of alleals
- Causes variation
- chromatids pair up and parts of the chromatids swap over - the chromatids have the same genes but a different combination of alleals
- Mitosis
- Cell cycle
- Interphase
- DNA helicase brakes bonds between DNA
- DNA copies are made
- Free nucleotides join to make 2 Strands of DNA
- DNA copies are made
- DNA helicase brakes bonds between DNA
- Prophase
- Chromasomes condense - Short and fat
- Centrioles move to edge of the cell
- Nuclear envolope brakes down
- Metaphase
- Chromasomes line up
- They become attached to the spindle by the centromere
- Telophase
- A nuclear envolope forms around the grops of chromatids
- Anaphase
- Centromeres seperate pulling chromatids to opposite ends of the cell
- Interphase
- Two genetically Identical daughter cells
- Cell cycle
- Meiosis
- DNA replication
- UNIT 5
- DNA Tecnology
- Genetic fingerprinting
- Used for paternaty tests and forensics
- take DNA and run PCR then add a floressent tag
- It is then run on the gel and the size of fragments can be compared
- smaller fragments move faster and further
- Genetic Sequenceing
- Find out the sequance of a persons DNA and again see if they may develop different diseases
- Uses DNA polymerase and ACGU primers
- This creates lots of fragments that can be seen by running gel electropheris with UV light
- Gene Probes
- Complementary bases for a deasise - can tell wether someone will develop a deasise such as some cancers
- This can lead some people to seek genetic councilling
- Complementary bases for a deasise - can tell wether someone will develop a deasise such as some cancers
- Gene therapy
- altering genes to treat genetic disorders and cancer
- Somatic gene therapy
- altering alleles in body cells
- Doesn't affect offspring
- Can be used to releve symptoms
- Germ line therapy
- altering the sex cells so that any offspring will not be affected
- This is illegal
- altering the sex cells so that any offspring will not be affected
- Genetic fingerprinting
- Recombinant DNA replication
- PCR
- 90 degrees brake hydrogen bonds
- 50 degrees for primers to bind
- 72 degrees for DNA polymerase to work
- makes double DNA each time
- 72 degrees for DNA polymerase to work
- 50 degrees for primers to bind
- 90 degrees brake hydrogen bonds
- Vector
- restriction endonuclease to cut vector
- DNA cut with same restriction endonuclease
- Same sticky ends join and DNA ligase binds the two types of DNA together
- DNA cut with same restriction endonuclease
- restriction endonuclease to cut vector
- PCR
- Protein Synthsis
- MRNA
- Transcription of DNA bases
- Single Stranded ACGU
- RNA polymerase attaches to the begging of the gene - brakes hydrogen bonds and uses it as a template to create MRNA
- Introns are spliced
- MRNA the detaches and moves to a ribosome where it attaches
- Transcription of DNA bases
- TRNA
- Translation Of DNA
- TRNA with anticodons attach to complementary bases on the MRNA
- Anticodons have Amino Acids joind which form protein with a specific code
- Translation Of DNA
- Transcription factors
- Oestrogen
- Bind to complementary DNA and can supress or initiate transcription
- siRNA
- Cut up mRNA so it can no longer be transcribed
- Oestrogen
- Mutation
- Frame shift due to deleation
- Subsitution of bases
- Non- functioning proteins
- Frame shift due to deleation
- Non- functioning proteins
- MRNA
- Steam cells
- Totipotent
- Can rapidly replicate themselves
- DNA Tecnology
- UNIT 1
- what is DNA?
- Nitrogenous Bases - ATCG
- Dioxyribose nuclaic acid
- Polynucleotide
- Double stranded
- Hydrogen bonds
- Double Helix
- Polynucleotide
- Linier in proteins
- Shorter and coiled in prokariotic cells
- Double Helix
- Hydrogen bonds
- Degenerate
- there are more combinations of triplets than there are amino acids
- Non-overlapping
- Triplets do not share bases
- what is DNA?
- UNIT 2
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