Autocracy and Opposition under Nicholas II AQA Specific
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- Created on: 09-07-20 18:07
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- Autocracy and Opposition
- Autocracy
- Tsar had absolute power over Empire, believed to be appointed by God
- Tsar could appointed & sack ministers and make decisions without consulting anyone
- wasn't able, forceful, or imaginative. Avoided conflict and making big decisions
- Handled officials poorly, felt threatened by able minded ministers such as Count Witte (sacked 1906) & Peter Stolypin (murdered 1911 before he got round to it)
- Had 1:1 meetings with ministers which caused chaos as it encouraged rivalry and departments refused to work together
- Appointed family and friends to important positions, often incompetent and corrupt
- Control
- Regime strong in many ways
- Resistance limited for a time
- Police had a special force with 10,000 officers who focused on political opponents
- Tsar had secret police called OKHRANA
- Tsar had loyal & terrifying Cossack army regiment
- Police had a special force with 10,000 officers who focused on political opponents
- Resistance limited for a time
- Peasants were controlled at local level by the mir
- Mir could be overruled by Land Captains
- Zemstva helped control Russia
- In some areas Russia was a police state controlled by locals governors
- Laws allowed LGs to: order police to arrest suspects of resistance, ban people from serving in Zemstva, make suspects pay fines and introduce censorship
- Regime strong in many ways
- Opposition
- Three main groups: Duma, Social Revolutionaries, Social Democratic Party
- Duma: many middle-class people wanted greater democracy. Called Liberals or Cadets
- SRs: remove Tsar and government, give all land to peasants, killed 7 government officials & assassinated members of Okhrana, believed in violent struggle.
- SDP: smaller, more disciplined, followed ideas of Karl Marx, split in 1903 into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
- Bolsheviks: wanted Revolution
- Mensheviks: didn't think Russia was ready for Revolution
- Three main groups: Duma, Social Revolutionaries, Social Democratic Party
- Karl Marx/ Marxist
- German writer and political thinker
- Believed history was dominated by class struggle
- First change would be middle classes taking control from monarchy and aristocracy
- Then Revolution where workers (the proletariat) would overthrow middle class
- For a short while the Communist Party would rule on behalf of people but as selfish desires disappeared there wouldn't be need for government
- All would live in a peaceful, Communist society
- For a short while the Communist Party would rule on behalf of people but as selfish desires disappeared there wouldn't be need for government
- Then Revolution where workers (the proletariat) would overthrow middle class
- Autocracy
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