Word Recognition

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  • Created by: Yasmetron
  • Created on: 04-02-23 21:05
What study shows that language is critical from the birth?
30-hour old babies were exposed to vowels unique to their mother’s language (English or Swedish) and to vowels unique to the other language.
Babies sucked their dummy harder when listening to the foreign language.
Moon et al. 2013)
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What is the segmentation problem?
Speech is a continuous stream of sound. No white spaces between words!
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What are solutions to the segmentation problem?
Possible word-constraint
Stress (Cutler & Butterfield, 1992) - first syllable typically stressed
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What is the invariance problem?
Speech sounds (e.g. phonemes) are shaped by external factors.
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What is the TRACE theory?
(McClelland & Elman, 1986)
RACE can explain context effects
This is because it allows higher-level information to affect lower-level information (top-down effects)
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What is the Cohort model?
(Marslen-Wilson, 1984)
the selection stage is influenced by
– the auditory presentation of the word (like seen in previous slides)
– the semantic or syntactic context
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What are the problems with the original Cohort model?
- If the first phoneme is mispronounced or misperceived, the word should never be recognised
- Semantic context does NOT influence which words get to stay or have to leave the cohort of candidates (Zwitserlood, 1989)
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What is the revised Cohort model?
(Marslen- Wilson, 1990)
- Context no longer allowed to influence early stages, including the initial cohort, i.e. the revised model is less interactive, more bottom- up.
- Words are not totally eliminated from cohort, instead their activation level decrea
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Define homophones
same pronunciation, different spelling
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What is phonological neighbourhood?
(neighbours differ in one phoneme: gate, bait, get) size: bigger is better
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What is phonological priming?
(klip primes clip, even if klip didn’t reach consciousness)
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What is the interactive activation model?
(McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981)
Words are represented as nodes in a network that are connected by inhibitory links. Feature units, letter units, word units
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What is the dual-route cascade model?
(Coltheart et al., 2001)
Route 1: Grapheme-phoneme conversion
Route 2: Lexicon + semantics
Route 3: Lexicon only
Orthographic input lexicon stores the spelling of all the words you know
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What is a grapheme?
the visual unit that corresponds to a phoneme (i in “pig”, igh in “high”)
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What are the problems with the dual-route cascade model?
• Semantics is important in reading but DRC vague about how or why
• Underestimates phonological influence • Doesn’t explain how reading is learned
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What is the connectionist triangle model?
(Harm & Seidenberg, 2004)
Two possible routes to take you from spelling to sound:
1. Direct pathway from orthography to phonology
2. Indirect pathway from orthography to phonology via semantics
Semantics is a critical component or word reading in the tria
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Card 2

Front

What is the segmentation problem?

Back

Speech is a continuous stream of sound. No white spaces between words!

Card 3

Front

What are solutions to the segmentation problem?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the invariance problem?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the TRACE theory?

Back

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