Language and reading lecture 1

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  • Created by: freya_bc
  • Created on: 02-01-17 14:53
Name the four methods to study word recognition
Eye tracking, lexical decision task, priming, and naming
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How is eye-tracking used to study word recognition?
how long people spend looking at word- one/two fixations per content word. If quick or skip it, it's an easy word
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How is a lexical decision task used to study word recognition?
How long people take to indicate that a string of letters is/isn't word by pressing a button. Longer RT, more difficult
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How is priming used to study word recognition?
Quicker if see related word could take less time to process word doctor if semantically primed by the word nurse
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How is a naming task used to study word recognition?
How long people take to start saying a word out loud as quickly and accurately as possible, activates voice key when start saying it.
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How does word frequency effect word recognition?
More commonly used words more easily recognisable
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What did Schilling, Rayner and Chumbley (1998) find?
longer response times for low frequency words e.g. amy told teacher the dog ate her homework, you can see an armadillo in texas
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How does predictability effect word recognition?
Predictable words are more easily recognisable than neutral or misleading contexts
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Tulving and Gold (1963)?
predictable or misleading word to fill blank "The skiers were buried alive by the sudden _____" Avalanche or inflation, faster recall for predictable word, more exposure time required for misleading word
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How do context effects impact upon word recognition?
Context make a word more or less predictable e.g. if lots of context about skiing, high expectation for the word avalanche
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What is an orthographic neighbourhood and how can this effect word recognition?
Word recognition is quicker if lots of similiar words lang. Number of words formed by changing one letter while maintaining letter position e.g. tank,task,rank- low feq words= faster recog of words from large neighbourhoods
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What is a phonological neighbourhood and how can this effect word recognition?
Number of words that can be formed by changing one phoneme of a word e.g. gait, bait, get. Words with many phonological neighbours are more easily recog
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Briefly outline the logogen model of word recognition
Logogen= word detectors. When firing/activation threshold reached, logogen fired and word is recognised, high freq words have lower threshold for firing
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How does the logogen model explain context effects?
The cog component of the logogen model, semantic info partially activates logogens so lowers the threshold so less activation to fire
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How does the logogen model explain semantic priming?
Bi-directional flow between cog and logogen system- activation indirectly spreads to other related words e.g. hospital theme (pre-activation) and lowers firing threshold.
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What does this mean for already activated logogens?
They dont return to their resting activation immediately so primed target needs less perceptual input to be activated to its idv threshold, less time than unrelated target
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Explain the word superiority effect
Easier to ID letter in context of word rather than the letter alone- shown in study by Reicher and Wheeler (70)
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What theory did McClelland and Rumelhart (1981,1982) proposed?
The Interactive Activation Model
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What route do words take in the interactive activation model?
stimulus > feature detectors > letter detectors > word detectors
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Give an example of an excitatory connection
consistent info such as a diagonal line feature, a K in the letter detector and a word with a K in it in the word detector
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Give an example of an inhibitory connection
a diagonal line in the feature detector and the letter O in the letter detector
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What is a slot coding system?
A specific channel to recognise the word
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What is the benefit of the connections running in both directions?
The network tends to evolve towards a state of activation in which everything is constant
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What does the interactive activation model not allow for?
Typos because it states all letters in a word need to be in the right order to be recognised, and this could be considered a flaw "becuase" we know that not to be the case
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What is the spatial coding model (Davis, 10)?
Findings accounted for in recent models where letter position is not fixed
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Describe a study into transposed letter priming
Perea and Lupker (2003) identity prime, transposed letter prime and substitution prime- transposed letter prime only 556ms to respond compared to 586ms for substitution prime when according to interactive activation model they should be the same
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What does the Dual route model (Colthart et al, 2001) explain?
How we read out loud
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What is the phonological route?
Where grapheme to phoneme conversion occurs- find assoc meaning to word sound combined from phonemes. Phono- spelling/sound conversion rules used for non-words that have no entry in mental lexicon
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What is the direct route?
Connects a word directly to its meaning and representation in the mental lexicon typical of high frequency words
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How does the dual-route model explain dyslexia?
The 2 routes develop independently as a child learns to read
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Name the two types of dyslexia
Phonological dyslexia and surface dyslexia
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What is phonological dyslexia?
difficulty with non-words e.g. giph and plomex and reading them aloud. Deficit in phonological route. Applying grapheme to phoneme conversion rules is impaired
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What is surface dyslexia?
difficulty with irregular words e.g. colonel if direct route impaired dont have a lexicon entry on how to pronounce that words and that you dont pronounce it how it looks
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How is eye-tracking used to study word recognition?

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how long people spend looking at word- one/two fixations per content word. If quick or skip it, it's an easy word

Card 3

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How is a lexical decision task used to study word recognition?

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Card 4

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How is priming used to study word recognition?

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Card 5

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How is a naming task used to study word recognition?

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