W16 Muscoskeletal system
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- Created by: LKia96
- Created on: 12-05-21 10:34
What are the 6 roles of the skeleton?
1. Support (of the body)
2. Movement
3. Protection (of inner organs)
4. Storage (of ions such as Ca, P, Fe)
5. Haemoporesis (bone marrow synthesising RBC'S & WBC's)
6. Endocrinology (osteocytes release hormones to regulate glucose/metabolism)
2. Movement
3. Protection (of inner organs)
4. Storage (of ions such as Ca, P, Fe)
5. Haemoporesis (bone marrow synthesising RBC'S & WBC's)
6. Endocrinology (osteocytes release hormones to regulate glucose/metabolism)
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In which bones can you find bone marrow?
Long bones, skull, vertebrae, pelvis, sternum
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Name the 5 types of bone
Where can they be found?
Name a function of each
Where can they be found?
Name a function of each
1. Long bone - femur/humerus - longer than it is wide
2. Short bone - wrists/ankles - wider than it is long
3. Flat bone - skull/sternum - sheilds organs
4. Irregular bone - pelvis bones - specialised to allow passage of nerves/vessels
5. Sesamoid bone -
2. Short bone - wrists/ankles - wider than it is long
3. Flat bone - skull/sternum - sheilds organs
4. Irregular bone - pelvis bones - specialised to allow passage of nerves/vessels
5. Sesamoid bone -
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Which are the 2 major components of any bone?
What function do they serve?
What function do they serve?
1. Cortical - Stiff, gives rigidity to bone
2. Tubercular - Flexible, gives bone ability to withstand dynamic loading. Cavities hosts bone marrow.
2. Tubercular - Flexible, gives bone ability to withstand dynamic loading. Cavities hosts bone marrow.
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Explain the terminology:
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
1. The end of a bone
2. The shaft of a bone
3. Section between the end and the shaft
2. The shaft of a bone
3. Section between the end and the shaft
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Which 2 parts is the skeleton divided into?
What are their consitutent parts?
What are their consitutent parts?
Axial skeleton: skull, spine, ribcage
Appendicular: Limbs, pelvic girdles
Appendicular: Limbs, pelvic girdles
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What are the two major parts of the cranium, separating the "face" and the "skull"?
Skull: Neurocranium
Face: Visceral cranium
Face: Visceral cranium
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Describe the main effects that exercise has on the skeleton in terms of mineralisation, porosity, bone density, and trabaculae.
The sites of muscle attachement to bone become stronger.
Increased mechanical loading = increased bone strength.
Mineralisation (Ca, P) increases
Porosity decreases
Bone density increases
Trabaculae is alligned in the direction of stress.
Increased mechanical loading = increased bone strength.
Mineralisation (Ca, P) increases
Porosity decreases
Bone density increases
Trabaculae is alligned in the direction of stress.
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What do we mean by dynamic loading?
Why is it important for a strong skeleton?
Why is it important for a strong skeleton?
Dynamic loading = loading with rest periods in between where load is taken off
Bone growth relies on dynamic loading - constantly having pressure on bones is as bad as not using them at all.
Bone growth relies on dynamic loading - constantly having pressure on bones is as bad as not using them at all.
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What are the 4 main roles of muscles?
1. Support
2. Movement
3. Producing body heat
4. Vital functions (digestion, movement of blood, contractions of sphincters of the eye...)
2. Movement
3. Producing body heat
4. Vital functions (digestion, movement of blood, contractions of sphincters of the eye...)
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Describe the typical muscle structure
Proximal attachments (made of tendons)
Muscle belly (skeletal muscle tissue)
Distal attachments (made of tendons)
Muscle belly (skeletal muscle tissue)
Distal attachments (made of tendons)
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Describ the muscle hierarchy as 5 parts
Muscle-> Fascicle (groups of muscle cells)-> Muscle cell -> Myofibril (many filaments)-> myofilament (actin and mysoin proteins)
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What are aponeurosis?
Broad, flat sheets connecting muscle to bone (such as the one covering the abdominal muscles)
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What is sarcopenia?
Age related loss of skeletal muscle mass.
The muscle decreases in size and and quality
Happens twice as fast in lower limbs compared to upper limbs
The muscle decreases in size and and quality
Happens twice as fast in lower limbs compared to upper limbs
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Catgories the different types of joins, and where to find them
Joints-> Cavitated + Solid
Cavitated-> Synovial (wrists/ankles)
Solid-> fibrous + cartilagenous
Cavitated-> Synovial (wrists/ankles)
Solid-> fibrous + cartilagenous
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Describe the two mechanisms of skeletal growth
Hypertrophy (overnourishment) - cells increase in size, but not number
most abundant in humans
Hyperplasia (hyper cell-multiplication) - cells increase in numbers, but not size
most abundant in humans
Hyperplasia (hyper cell-multiplication) - cells increase in numbers, but not size
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What is bone growth called?
Describe the two main forms of bone growth
Describe the two main forms of bone growth
Ossification
Intramembranous (starts as connective tissue, eventually replaced by bone)
+ Endochondral (Starts as hyaline cartilage, then replaced by bone matrix)
-> Interstitial (grows in one direction, bone elongates) + Appositional (bone grows in
Intramembranous (starts as connective tissue, eventually replaced by bone)
+ Endochondral (Starts as hyaline cartilage, then replaced by bone matrix)
-> Interstitial (grows in one direction, bone elongates) + Appositional (bone grows in
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Imagine doing bicep curls with a dumbell:
Muscle contraction can be either _____ or _____ which in turn can be _____ and ______.
Describe what happens at each stage.
Muscle contraction can be either _____ or _____ which in turn can be _____ and ______.
Describe what happens at each stage.
Isometric (holding weight still - change in tension, not length)
or Isotonic (during movement - change in length, not tension)
Concentric (muscle shortens) and Eccentric (muscle lengthens)
or Isotonic (during movement - change in length, not tension)
Concentric (muscle shortens) and Eccentric (muscle lengthens)
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What are the 2 muscle fibre types, and what are their characteristics?
Fast twitch (the sprinter): fast contractions, quick to fatigue)
Slow twitch (the marathon runner): slow contractions, resistant to fatigue
Slow twitch (the marathon runner): slow contractions, resistant to fatigue
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What are the 2 major hormones controlling the muscoskeletal system?
GH: acts on liver cells to release insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which drives longitudinal growth of bones (and increases metabolism)
PTH:Regulates distribution of Ca and P in the body. INcreasing osteoCLAST activity and DEcreasing osteoBLAST mov
PTH:Regulates distribution of Ca and P in the body. INcreasing osteoCLAST activity and DEcreasing osteoBLAST mov
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Describe the 5 other hormones related to muscoskeletal regulation
Calcitonin - released from thyroid, opposes PTH. INcreases osteoBLAST act. and DEcreases osteoCLAST = Ca move from blood plasma to bone.
Vit D- also stimulates reabsorption of Ca and P
Vit C - imp. for collagen synthesis
Oestrogen - can reduce bone absorp
Vit D- also stimulates reabsorption of Ca and P
Vit C - imp. for collagen synthesis
Oestrogen - can reduce bone absorp
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Describe briefly the 5 types of biomedical imaging
X-ray: image shows density of different tissues
CT: still x-ray, but provides 3d image from rotating scanner
MRI: protons from H20 molecules affected by magnetic field to produce image
Ultrasound: High frequency sound waves
Contrast studies: "density" can
CT: still x-ray, but provides 3d image from rotating scanner
MRI: protons from H20 molecules affected by magnetic field to produce image
Ultrasound: High frequency sound waves
Contrast studies: "density" can
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Why is imaging so important?
It allows us to examine structures in a living individual and relationships between organs.
In a surgical environment, the body should only be opened up as a last resort.
In a surgical environment, the body should only be opened up as a last resort.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
In which bones can you find bone marrow?
Back
Long bones, skull, vertebrae, pelvis, sternum
Card 3
Front
Name the 5 types of bone
Where can they be found?
Name a function of each
Where can they be found?
Name a function of each
Back
Card 4
Front
Which are the 2 major components of any bone?
What function do they serve?
What function do they serve?
Back
Card 5
Front
Explain the terminology:
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Back
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