True or false: the incidence of allergy is increasing?
True
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Which immunoglobulin is responsible for an allergic reaction?
IgE
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True or false: there is a recognised genetic compnent to allergy?
True
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True or false: in order to be allergic to somthing, you must have been exposed to the allergen at least once?
True
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True or flase: stimulation of the immune system by bacteria and viruses has no effect in protecting against developing allergies?
False
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Where do T cells mature?
Thymus
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Where do B cells mature?
Bone Marrow
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Complete the sentence: allergens are typically...
Proteins
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What is the role of Dendritic cells?
To recognise and engulf 'non-self', and to present it in conjunction with MHC II
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Where are MHC II markers found?
On cells of the immune system
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Where is MHC II produced?
Rough ER
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Where are MHC II and the antigen fragment presented in the process of antigen presentation?
On the antigen-presenting cell surface
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During antigen presentation, the antigen fragment-MHC II complex is presented to another type of immune cell. What cell type is this?
CD4 +ve Th2 cell
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In order to arm the Th2 cell during activation, a co-stimulatory signal is required. Between which molecules does this occur? (First molecule(s) = on dendritic cell, Second molecule(s) = on Th2 cell)
CD80/CD86 & CD28
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Activated Th2 cells secrete cytokines. What are the main roles of cytokines?
To regulate inflammation, proliferation and differentiation of inflammatory cells
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What are the main interleukins, secreted from activated Th2 cells, which promote class switch to IgE?
IL-4 & IL-13
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What is the plasma half life of IgE?
2-3 days
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WHere is FC-epsilon-R1 expressed?
Mast cells
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What is the first step in mast cell activation?
IgE binding to FC-epsilon-R1 with high affinity
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Once IgE has bound to FC-epsilon-R1, what is it's half life?
2-3 months
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How many granules and how much histamine is stored within the average mast cell?
1000 granules, 3-4pg of histamine
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As well as histamine granules, mast cells contain proteolytic enzymes. Name two.
Tryptase & chymase
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Once mast cells are activated, how long does it take for them to release their pre-formed mediators?
2-5 minutes
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Once mast cells are activated, how long does it take for them to release their newly synthesized mediators?
5-30 minutes
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Once mast cells are activated, how long does it take for them to synthesize and release cytokines?
4-8hrs
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True or false: due to it's potency, histamine is rapidly metabolized by enzymes?
True
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Identify the correct actions of histamine from the list below.
Opens capillary bed & therefore increases blood flow to the affected area
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Identify the correct actions of histamine from the list below.
Increases capillary permability & smooth muscle constriction leads to leukocyte & antibody recruitment into the tissues
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From what are the key lipid mediators in inflammation derived?
Arachidonic acid
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Which enzyme converts Arachidonic Acid into Leukotrienes?
5-Lipoxygenase
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Which enzyme converts Arachidonic Acid into Prostaglandins?
Cyclo-oxygenase
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CysLT and LTB-4 are very potent bronchoconstrictors. From what are they derived?
Leukotrienes
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When an allergen comes into contact with an allergic airway, what happens to the FEV1?
Sharp decrease
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As allergies progress to allergic asthma, mast cell mediators become less important. What takes their place?
Eosinophil mediators
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True or false: eosinophil granule proteins are toxic to epithelial cells?
True
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Eosinophil CysLT causes a second wave of smooth muscle constriction after the initial allergic event in allergic asthma. What is this known as?
Late phase
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When eosinophil CysLT is released, which cells are stimulated to produce more mucus?
Goblet cells
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Which immunoglobulin is responsible for an allergic reaction?
Back
IgE
Card 3
Front
True or false: there is a recognised genetic compnent to allergy?
Back
Card 4
Front
True or false: in order to be allergic to somthing, you must have been exposed to the allergen at least once?
Back
Card 5
Front
True or flase: stimulation of the immune system by bacteria and viruses has no effect in protecting against developing allergies?
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