ussr ; economy ; stalin ; collectivisation

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REASONS FOR
GDG
1 of 154
what did NEP in '21 do for agriculture>
little change from '17
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compromise wiht peasants on what issue?
food control
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and as result by '28 agriculture in USSR was sill run largely how?
on individual basis by peasant households
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under supervision of?
mir
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which was comprised of?
village elders
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- link with industry
gdgdf
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what at this time convinced many within the party that there was an urgent need to industrialise?
fear of invasion
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what was seen as essential if USSR was to defend against capital attack
mdoern economy
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however, industrial development would only be possible if supported by?
increase in agricultural productivity
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because industrialisation would lead to increase in population where?
towns and cities
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which would need to be fed by increase in?
food surpluses
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new industries aso requiered some of what from abroad?
technology
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and therefore soviet union needed food surpluses to do what with them?
export in foreign exchange
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labour would be needed in new industrial centres and this could only by achieved by what in short term?
mechanisation of agriculture
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what would this enable labourers to be releeased from to work in?
countryside to industry
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thus industrialisation cold only be achieved if?
agriculture more efficient
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- economic case for collectivisation
ugdgdf
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what did agriculture centre on?
small peasant plots
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this proved inefficient compared to?
rest of europe
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who owned farms?
peasant households
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formation of what would create economies of scale?
collective farms
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where what would happen?
peasants would be grouped together on larger farm
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what could be ripped out to make larger units?
hedgerows and boundaries
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which would mean what for use of machinery?
more viable + cost-effective
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unse of machinery would enable what?
food production increase
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and would also reduce what requirements in agricultural production?
labour
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which would lead to release of who?
many needed workers for growing industrial plants
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- political case
dgdf
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what would this help extend to the countryside?
socialism
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therefore ensuring survival of?
revolution
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what event in which year had the already weak party control of the countryside made decline further?
tambov rising of '21
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what id peasants have little enthusiasm for?
socialist principles
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in what year did bolshevik's introduce land decree?
'17
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whihc did what?
took large landed estates from aristocracy
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but never intended what for the land?
that it be personal property of individual peasants
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by '25 less that what % land had been collectivised?
1%
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in this situation what wa maintained in minds of peasants?
principle of private ownership
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collectivisation offered oppportunity for getting rid of who?
kulaks
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who were?
richer peasants benefitting from NEP
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in eyes of communists what did they do?
hoard food for own consumption > give for workers in towns
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which led to gov leadership pressurre to do what?
rid country of the capitalist class
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to fail to do so would hold back process toawrd?
socialism
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what were state procurements?
the amount of surplus grain given to government by peasant
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when had this been falling since?
'26
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what had the peasants become wary of?
growing too much food
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because they knew what would happen to it?
seized by state @ low price
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what did this act as for production?
disincentive
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alongside lack of what?
industrial goods to buy with any profit
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stalin saw solution as what?
forced policy collectivisation to increase food production
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PROCESS FO COLLECTIVISATION
DF
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consisted of series of phases each becoming more?
radical
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at what event and at what time was programme voluntary collectivisation decided?
december '27, fifteenth party congress
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food shortages in '28 led government to do what?
carry out forced requisitioning as temporary emergency measure
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what as this form of action termed?
'ural-siberian' method
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and used increasingly as?
pace of collectivisation accellerated
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what was the policy on kulaks at that point?
limiting their exploitative tendencies
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to now stalin was suggesting doing what?
'liquidating' them as a class
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the term 'kulak' had originally been applied to who?
richer peasants who owned their own small plot of land
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local party officials were sent into villages to announce what?
organisation of collective farm
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aka?
kolkhoz
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and lecture peasants on what?
advantages of forming collective
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until what happened?
enough signed up as members
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promises of increased mechanisation were given through establishment of what?
Machine Tractor Stations
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what were the MTS?
government run centres that supplied farming machinery to collectives
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what did they also provide advice on?
farming techniques
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and gave political lectures to persuade peasants of?
benefits of scialism and collectivisation
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once enough peasants signed up, collective could seize what as property of collective?
animals / grain supplies / buildings in village
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term kulak started to be applied to not just rich peasants but?
any peasant that refused to join
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what were they labelled as
'class enemies'
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and deported to?
siberia and urals
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implementation of collectivisation led to what from large number of peasant?
violent opposition
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particular in richar agricultural areas of which two places?
ukraine and caucasus region
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rather than hand over property to state what did many kulaks do?
set fire to farms and kill their animals
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what sometimes happened to party officials upon arrival to villages?
murdered
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regime dealt with this opposition by sending in what?
'dekulakisation squads'
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party members that were also refered to as?
'the twenty-five thousanders'
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they were sent from the city to do what?
forcibly organise collectives
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what did they know little about?
agriculture
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but were well versed in?
class warfare
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what were the OGPU also used to do?
round up those that refused to co-operate and take them to remote labour camps
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on some occasions who were used to quell unrest?
red army
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and what happened to some especially troublesome villages?
bombed out of existence by airforce
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peasant opposition resulted in what?
temporary backing down bystalin
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who released his article 'dizzy with success' when?
march '30
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blaming who for 'excesses'?
overzealous party members
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yet slowdown in collectivisation only lasted long enough for what?
peasants to sow next year's crop
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some concessions allowed with members of collectives allowed what?
some animals and small garden plot for own use
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by '32 what % peasant households had been collectivised?
62%
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what was this number in '37?
95%
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RESULTS OF COLLECTIVISATION
DFGDFG
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in economic terms what were the results of collectivisation?
devastating
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what was the pace of supply of machinery?
slow
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and many didn't reciece machinery until?
mid-'30s
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why was removal of kulaks damaging?
they were often most productive
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many relied on kulaks for hire of?
tools
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slaughtering of animals by kulaks also had severe effect on?
number of livestock
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between '28 and '33 what happened to number of cattle?
halved
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and this wasn't fully recovered until?
'53
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consequence of this collapse was shortage in?
meat and milk
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what was grain production in '28?
73.3m tonnes
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and in '34?
67.6m
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why was fall in food production disastrous for countryside?
bc of rise in grain seized under state procurements
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whay happened to aim of feeding towns and red army?
achieved
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but only by doing what?
taking much-needed supplies from countryside
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as rural population starved, gov seized food for export to gain?
foreign exchange
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in what years did widespread famine occur?
'32-'33
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particularly affecting which three places?
ukraine / kazakhstan / caucasus region
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peasants started to move to where?
towns in search of food
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until government introduced what to stop leaving collectives?
passport system
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became effectively tied to collective i system that started to partly resemble what?
serfdom
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from which peasants had been supposedly liberated in?
1861
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unable to move from collective some peasants resorted to what to survive?
eating own children
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what did government officially deny existance of?
famine
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instead dismissing rumors as?
'local difficulties'
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claim supported by who also?
foreign visitors to the ussr
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like?
british socialists sidney and beatrice webb
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but where had they been escoreted to?
model collectives far from famine areas
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recent research puts number of famine-related deaths at how many in '33 alone?
4m
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slow agriculture reovery began after relatively good harvest in which year?
'33
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but what rose v sluggishly?
grain production
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good weather helped which years' harvest?
'37
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and fall in demand for anima fodder meant what?
more grain for humanz
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decline in livestock accompanying collectivisation resulted in lack of?
haulage power
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slow paceof what made this situation worse?
new tractors reaching collectives
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in absence horses and tractors what did people resort to?
pulling ploughs themsevles
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recovery hampered continually by what?
continual government interference and hare-brained schemes
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one of which involved growing crops of plant that allegedly produced what?
rubber (ffs)
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inadequate planning resulted in who giving orders to collectives?
party officials in moscow
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which took little account of what?
the actual situation
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poor planning meant push to collectivise wasn't co-ordinated with what?
manufacture of tractors or other machinery
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leaving collectives without what?
tools to prosper
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what liquidating aim did stalin achieve?
liquidating kulaks as a class
133 of 154
class estimated to be about how many people in '28?
15m
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historians estimate amount of deaths to be in what range?
5-10m
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someone argued that collectivisation and resulting famine was result stalin's deliberate genocide against who?
ukranians
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sometimes referred to as what?
holodomor
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analysis of grain harvest in '32 shows that where bore brunt grain shortages?
ukraine
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as they were?
chief grain-growing regio
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what about ukraine had been a worry of government since '20s?
nationalism
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case of who illuminates another human cost?
kazakhs
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what happened to this nomadic group?
forced into collectives against their own will
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what happened to their sheep flocks?
virtually wiped out
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and typhus epidemic reduced population by wat %?
40%
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hardly suprising some peasants did what to germans in '41?
cheered them on
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where did collectivisation succeed?
implementing socialism in countries
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when was mir abolished?
'30
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and replaced by what adminitstration?
kolkhoz
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headed by chairman who was usually which two things?
party member (surprising, right?) and from town
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party control extended by use of which age group?
teenagers
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members of what organisation?
communist youth organisation
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who used wooden watchtowers to do what?
spy on peasants in fields and ensure they didn't steal food for their own families
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control secured but deepened what divide?
town / countryside
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what had been sacrificed for needs of industry and towns?
agriculture and rural communities
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Card 2

Front

what did NEP in '21 do for agriculture>

Back

little change from '17

Card 3

Front

compromise wiht peasants on what issue?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

and as result by '28 agriculture in USSR was sill run largely how?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

under supervision of?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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