To what extent are interventions to reduce offending behaviour successful?

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What aren't effective?
Prisons
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House of commons report (2012)
15-17 year olds in prison has doubled in the last 10 years
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How many young offenders will reoffend?
60%
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What did the antisocial behaviour act (2003) enable?
Courts to include a fostering requirement as part of a supervision order
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When was this used?
In cases where young people's behaviour was to a large extent due to their home circumstances and lifestyle
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2010 report
Few of all young people were engaged in education, training or work in the six months prior to conviction
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What did they have?
Lots of unstructured time
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What happened one year after their sentence?
Those members in the comparison group who were living in the community were much less likely to be engaged in education or training (30%) than the youngg people in the IF group (70%)
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What had the comparison group begin?
40% of the comparison group had begun another custodial sentence and one was sleeping rough
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What did non of the IF group do?
Were in custody or homeless at this point.
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There was little change in the IF group in relation too?
Pro-social peers, 67% continuing to have some positive relationships with prosocial peers
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What did Research on MTFC in the USA report?
it was significantly better at reducing delinquent peer association than group care, but this was not the case in our study (Leve and Chamberlain, 2005)
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What was the main conclusion?
IF may be a better alternative to custody and should be implemented
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What was stage 1 and stage 2 of the follow up report?
- Stage 1, one year after the date of entry to the IF placements; and Stage 2, one year after the date of exit from IF placements
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What were the findings?
o Thirty-nine per cent of the IF group were reconvicted compared to 75 per cent of the comparison group. Supports findings of the original study
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What happened during stage 2?
the year after the young people left their IF foster placements they were as likely to be reconvicted as the comparison group. The proportion of the IF group who committed recorded offences during this period (74%)
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What was the dissipation of the positive effects of the programme?
After the young people left their foster placements indicate that it was difficult to sustain positive changes in maladaptive learning and relationships once they were re-exposed to risk factors in local environment
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What was better about the 2010 report?
Larger sample size than the 2010 report
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What might therapy have?
Longer lasting effects than temporary placement of a child in foster care, where they are released more likely to give into pressure from their original pro-social group.
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What has multi-systematic therapy approaches typically focused on?
different aspects of the range of dysfunction (individual or family factors) found in antisocial youths.
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Despite many available treatments, what have few managed to maintain?
Effectiveness in the improvement of serious and pervasive antisocial youths (Kazdin, 2000)
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How many stages does MST have?
9
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Who did this study?
Henggeler et al, 1998
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What are the stages?
Finding the fit, focusing on positives and strengths, increasing responsibility, parent focused, targeting sequences, developmental appropriate, evaluation and accountability, generalisations
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Farrington and Welsh, 1999
Empirically supported child and adolescent treatments have noted that MST was effective across various replications, problems, therapists and sessions
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What does MST interventions target?
individual, family, peer, school, and community factors identified as contributing to and maintaining problematic behavior.
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What do interventions aim to empower?
parents to facilitate pragmatic changes in the youth’s and the family’s natural environments (home and other community-based settings).
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What is the recent prevalence statistics from the UK, US and New Zealand indicate?
anti-social behaviours manifest in up to 15% of young people (Fergusson, Horwood and Lynskey, 1997)
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What is strong base research>
Multiple randomised controlled trials
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What was the average effect of MST?
.55
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How were MST functioning?
better and offending less than 70% of their counterparts who received alternative treatment or services
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What was MST found to be relatively effective in?
reducing emotional and behavioral problems in individual family members, in improving parent–youth and overall family relations
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What does a follow up data suggest?
Treatment effects were sustained for up to four years
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What can MST be applied to?
other populations of youths rather than just violent or chronic juvenile offenders. Therefore can be applied to youths with substance abuse problems or emotional disturbance
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Henggeler (2004)
Critical of curtis
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What was his important finding?
efficacy studies showed more effect than effectiveness studies o Implications for research of evidence-based treatment to community practice
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What did efficacy research not include?
Real world factors (funding, organisation and climate)
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Therefore?
o Treatments that cannot cope with these real world factors may not fare so well in practice, no matter how efficacious they are in well controlled lab trials (Weisz and Kazdin, 2003)
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Henggeler (2006)
- Alternatives were grim: Boot camps, incarceration, residental treatment, zero tolerance policies and scared straight programs,
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What was it criticised for?
peer review process which allowed flawed MST outcome studies to be published
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Therefore?
‘There is little evidence of the superiority of MST over other interventions with youth. There is also no evidence that MST has harmful effects’
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CBT (Lipsey et al (2007)
- CBT more promising rehabilitative treatments for criminal offenders - Ranked it in the top tier about effects on recidivism (Lipsey and Wilson, 1998
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What does it explicitly target?
Criminal thinking as a contributing factor to deviant behaviour. adapted to a range of juvenile and adult offending
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What is CBT delivered in?
Delivered in institutional or community settings by mental health specialists or paraprofessionals, and administered as part of multifaceted program or as a standalone intervention
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What does it tackle?
Tackles distorted cognition (self- justificatory thinking, misinterpretation of social cues, displacement of blame, deficient moral reasoning, schemas of dominance and entitlement
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Lipsey et al (2007)
Positive CBT effects on the recidivism of offenders
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What was the recividism rate?
Odds of not recidivating in the 12 month period after intervention for individuals in the treatment group were 1.53 times as great as those for individuals in the control group
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What did the most effective studies produce?
ODDs ratios nearly twice as large as the mean, corresponding to recidivism rates of around .19 in the treatment groups, more than a 50% decrease from the .40 rate of the average control group
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What did Feucht and Holt (2016) find?
- The practices offer mixed evidence on the use of CBT for treating sex offenders, and we found "No Effects" ratings for CBT in preventing domestic violence reoffending.
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What does COVAID stand for?
Control of violence and anger in impulsive drinkers
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What did a series of programmes aim at?
Reducing violence and anger in impulsive drinkers
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How can COVAID be delivered?
- The different versions of the COVAID programme can be delivered as group work on a one to one basis, in either secure or community settings.
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What are all the programmes aimed at?
reducing re-offending primarily by young men with a repeated history of violence whilst intoxicated
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What did Graham and Colleagues (1998) conclude?
need for interventions that ‘not only employ standard treatment techniques (e.g. anger management), but also use knowledge of the effects of alcohol and the process of aggression in treating violent individuals’
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McMurren and Cusens (2003)
- COVAID is an individual intervention for people resident in the community (who have unrestricted access to alcohol)
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What are target behaviours?
Aggression and violence
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What are the six methods?
The ‘personal scientist’ approach, Information gathering and feedback, Anger and stress management, Thinking and problem-solving skills training, Modifying drinking, Lifestyle maintenance
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COVAID participants were less likely to have what?
reconvicted of a violent offence at 18 weeks, although this is a short period over which to assess survival and the comparison group was not ideal.
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What was low in COVAID participants?
self reported aggression and violence
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However what could not be directly attributed to COVAID?
Selfreported aggression and violence was low in COVAID participants, although since offenders were under supervision and hence likely to be heavily penalized for transgression
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What is the problem with COVAID?
In the study, only 17 were referred to COVAID< courts view alcohol related violence as a serious offence and may of target groups are sent to prison
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

House of commons report (2012)

Back

15-17 year olds in prison has doubled in the last 10 years

Card 3

Front

How many young offenders will reoffend?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What did the antisocial behaviour act (2003) enable?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

When was this used?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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