Tiology-biology:B4;Organising animals

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  • Created by: Amy dinan
  • Created on: 28-11-23 20:30
What are the key components (parts of the circulatory system)
1.blood vessels
2.heart
3.blood
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what is name given to the liquid part of the blood
1.plasma
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carbon dioxide is waste product of aerobic respiration ;so that it can excreted,it travels in the blood from respiring body ells to where?
lungs
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what is food molecule is urea made from and which organ it is made in?
1. excess amino acids
2.liver
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which energy does the blood plasma circulate ?
heat/thermal energy
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which type of blood cell is larger: red or white
white
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which type of blood cell has a nucleus
white blood cell
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Bi-concaved discs is a type of red blood cell adaptation,what is an advantage?
it creates SA:V therefore Oxygen can diffuse in and out at a high rate
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A RBC being packed with haemgoblin is a adaptation explains its advantage
haemgoblin binds oxygen to a red blood cell
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an advanatge of a red blood cell is having no nucleus
allows volume for more haemgoblin that can transport and bind to oxygen
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name the 3 key methods os white blood cell form our immune system,to destroy pathogens (disease causing microbes)
1.Lymphocyte
2.phagocytes
3. others
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what do lymphocyte do
lymphpocyte white blood cells make antibodies (forms specific immune system)
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function of phagocytes white blood cells
phagocytes white blood cells engulff and digest bacteria and viruses
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what do the other types of white blood cells produce
prodcues antitoxins to neutralises toxins
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whats are platelets involved in and what chemical helps
blood clotting and a insoleuble chemical fibrinogen converted into fibrin what dries the graze into a scab resulting in it protecting the body for pathogens
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describe the function of arteries in yoour body
1.carries blood away from your HEART
2.usually bright red oxygenated blood
3.due to high blood pressure and the wall streches then goes back to normal (pulse)
4.they have thick walls containging muscle+elastic fibre + relativity small lumen
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describe capillaries
1.huge network of microscopic vessels linking arteries and veins
2. narrow and only one cell thick
3.pass between cells within body tissues and enable echange of oxygen,carbon dioxide, and products of disgestion such as glucose
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describe veins
1.carries blood away from your organs and back to your heart with the acception of the pulmonary veins
2.very low blood pressure=no pulse
3.thin wall and have a large lumen
4.veins have valves
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what are valves
they open to let blood flow towards teh heart,but to STOP BACKFLOW of blood they shut.(skeletal muscals contract and this squeezes onto the veins,pushing blood back to heart)
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describe the heart
the heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body.It is made up of 4 chambers for doub;e circulation
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how many chambers does the heart have
4 chambers
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what are the walls mad eup of -heart
almost entirely cardiac muscle
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desrube the coronary arteries
the coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygen. the two sides of the heart fill and empty at the same temperature
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name the types of the 4 chambers
1.left atrium
2.right ventricle
3.right atrium
4.right ventricle
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what is the name of thr main vein which supplies rhe right atrium with deoxygenated blood?
vena cava
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what is the name of the vein that supplies the left atrium with oxygenated blood (coming from the lungs)?
pulmonary vein
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where does the blood pumped from the two atria go to?
ventricles
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what is the function of the valves in the heart
to stop the blood blackflowing by closing of the valves
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in what major artery does the left ventricle pump oxygenated blood around the body
the aorta
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how many times thicker is the muscular wall of the left ventricles compared the right ventricles and ewhaty does this create
1)3X thickers
2)this allows contraction with more force,generating a higher blood pressure as this blood must travel around the whole body at a high flow rate to supply (e.g. glucoser and oxygen)the body cells for aerobic respiration
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what are statins for
statins are medical drugs that reduce cholsterol levels (a fatty material) deposited in the blood.this reduces the risk of conorary heart disease (CHD)
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name pros of statins
1.reduce cholestrol levels in the blood,reducing the risk of CHD
2.lowers the blood pressure
3.lowers chances of a heart attack
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name cons of statins
potential side effects:
-headache
-liver+kidney damage in some patients
-muscle ache
-cant sleep
-nausea
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leaky heart valves may cause backflow of bloodresulting in the heart becoming lkess effective (can result in death).
name the two types of valves they can replaced with
mechanical(,titanium ect.)
biological(,pigs,cattle,human donors)
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advantages if mechanical valves
-durable
-doesnt rust/corrode
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disadvantagesof mechanical valves
you have to take medicine to prevent blood clotting around the valve your whole life
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advantages of biological valves
-both speice are mammals so they are similar shape +size
-you dont need any medication
-works extremely well,better than mechanical
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disadvantages of biological valves
-only lasts 12-15 years
-immune system may reject/attack it
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why may you need a artificial pacemaker
the natural pacemaker sets our heart beat and sometimes it doesnt work propeky anbd leads to an irregualr heartbeat
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where/how/why are artifical pacemakers inserterted
they are implanted under the skin+have two wires attached to the heart.strong regular impulkses are sent to the heart . if the heart beats too slowly then cells dont recieve enough oxygen.if the heart beats too fast,blood isnt pumped out oif the heart pro
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why may we need to use an artifical heart
a) whilst a patient is waiting for a heart transplants
b)To allow a diseased heart to rest as an aid to recovery.For example,to remove the strain of having to pump[ blood around the heart for a few weeks
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pros of artifical hearts
-patient can go onto lead a relatively normal life
-models keep improving
-there are now cases where patients have used them outside hostipals for up to 2 years
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cons of artifical hearts
- a lot of machinery is needed to keep artifical hearts working therefore most people stay in the hostipla also because
-theres a risk of blood clotting in the hearts cuasing death
-not permant
-very expensive
-risk of infection
-increased pressure
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what is a bypass surgery
a vein from (e.g.a leg) is removed and joined to a coronary artery in the heart to "by-pass" a blockage
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pros of the bypass surgery
works for badly blockex arteries when a stent cannot work
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cons of bypass surgery
-expensive
-general anaesthetic used
-risk of infection
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what is CHD andwhy does it happen and whats causes it
this is where the coronary arteries become narrow ,this happens due to a build up pf fatty materials and caused by genetics.high fat diet and smoking
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problems with blood through through the hear
-reduced blood supply to the heart muscle tissue
-less oxygen supply ->less respiration -> not enough energy for muscle contraction -> pain/angina/heart attack death
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what are stents and hiow do you insert them
stents are used to keep narrowed/blocked arteries open
1. a tiny ballon is inflated in the stent to open up the stent and artery
2.the ballon is then deflated and removed
3.this increases blood flow to the heart muscle cells,increasing the supply oxygen/
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pros of stents
-no general aesthetic
-minor surgery
-releases drugs to prevent blood clotting
-opens blocked/narrow arteries
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cons of stents
- very expensive
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define ventialation and why do we do this
ventialation is the mechanism of inhalation and exhalation.we do this to enable gas exchange,oxygen diffues from the air in the alveoli into the red blood cell.carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood plasma into the alveoli wh
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describe the process of inhaling
1.the rib (intercostal muscles) contracts and the diaphragm muscle contracts.the diaphragm flattens
2.this cuases the ribcage to move outwards and upwards
3.this causes the volume of the thorax (chest cavity) to increase and the pressure to decrease.air i
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descreibe the process of exhaling
1.the rib (intercostal muscle) relax and the diaphragm muscle relax,the diaphragm moves up
2. the cuase of the ribcage to move inwards and downwards
3.this causes the volume of the thorax (chest cavity) to decrease and the pressure is increased, air is th
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where does aerobic respiration happen ands why
aerobic respiration happens in the organelles mitochandria and the process where glucose sugar is broken down to release nergy
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is name given to the liquid part of the blood

Back

1.plasma

Card 3

Front

carbon dioxide is waste product of aerobic respiration ;so that it can excreted,it travels in the blood from respiring body ells to where?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is food molecule is urea made from and which organ it is made in?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

which energy does the blood plasma circulate ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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