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The Origins of Behavioural Neuroscience and Structure of The Nervous System.
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- Created by: marmitesarny
- Created on: 25-05-17 09:45
How many brain cells do we have?
100 Billion
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How many connections are in the brain?
Approximately 10,000
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What did ancient cultures believe about our thoughts?
That the heart was responsible for our thoughts, as emotion increases the heart rate and its movement is necessary for life.
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Who were the first culture to acknowledge the importance if the brain?
The Hippocrates
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What did Aristotle believe about the brain?
That it was an air conditioning unit for the heart
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What did descartes believe about the brain
believed that mind exerted control over the brain via the pineal gland: ... His posited relation between mind and body is called Cartesian dualism or substance dualism. He held that mind was distinct from matter, but could influence matter.
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Who disproved descartes and how?
Galvani: by discovering electrical impulses
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Who coined the practice of phrenology?
Gall & Spurzheim
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Who coined the doctrine of specific nerve energies?
Müller
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Who first carried out experimental ablation?
Flourens
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Who first looked at neuropsychological case studies for means of mapping out function?
Broca
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Who discovered that nerve impulses were unique and why was this?
Helmholtz; the speed of conduction of nerve energies is much slower than regular nerve impulses, and therefore must have unique properties.
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What is animism?
Ancient belief that all moving objects have an animated spirit that causes them to move.
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What does the dualism belief dictate?
The mind and the brain are different substances that exist independently of one another.
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What does the monism belief dictate?
The universe consists of only one type of substance; materialism or mentalism
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Within monism, what does materialism dictate?
everything is material/physical and the brain fires in a way that makes us feel like we are the ones that have made a conscious decision
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Within monism, what does mentalism dictate?
only minds really exist and the physical world could not exist were we not aware of it.
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Rostal refers to what brain position?
Front
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Caudal refers to what brain position?
Back
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Posterior refers to what brain position?
Back
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Anterior refers to what brain position?
Back
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Superior refers to what brain position?
Top
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Ventral refers to what brain position?
Bottom
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Dorsal refers to what brain position?
Top
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The forebrain has which sections and which subsections?
telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and limbic system) diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus)
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The midbrain has which sections and which subsections?
Mesencephalon, Tectum & Tegmentum
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The hindbrain has which sections and which subsections?
Metencephalon (cerebellum & pons) and Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
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What does the CNS consist of?
The brain and the spinal cord
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What is within the telencephalon?
cereal cortex, basal ganglia and limbic system
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what is within in myelencephalon?
medulla oblongata
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What is within the diencephalon?
thalamus and hypothalamus
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what is within the mesencephalon?
tectum and tegmenjtum
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what is within the metencephalon?
cerebellum and pons
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What is the function of the PNS?
connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.
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How many ventricles does the brain have?
four
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which ventricles are within in the forebrain?
lateral and third
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which ventricles are within the midbrain?
cerebral aqueduct
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which ventricles are in the hindbrain?
fourth
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Where can the lateral and third ventricles be found?
forebrain
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where can the cerebral aqueduct be found?
midbrain
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where can the fourth ventricle be found?
hindbrain
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Where is the cerebral cortex?
in the telencephalon of the forebrain
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what separates the cerebral cortex?
medial longitudinal fissure
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what is the corpus callosum?
a collection of white matter tracts that allow each hemisphere to communicate with one another
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Where is language localised to within the cerebrum?
left side
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What are the four divisions of the cerebral cortex?
Occipital, Temporal, Parietal and Frontal
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The Temporal Lobe is implicated in what processes?
auditory, semantic memory, face processing
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The Parietal Lobe is implicated in what processes?
somatosensation
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The Frontal lobe is implicated in what processes?
motor and higher level functioning
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The Occipital lobe is implicated in what processes?
Vision
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How many regions within the cerebral cortex receive information?
Three; Temporal (audition) Parietal (somatosensory) and Occipital (vision)
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Which part of the cortex is unique in that it sends signals?
The primary motor cortex (frontal lobe)
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Where is the basal ganglia located?
within the telencephalon of the forebrain
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what are the primary functions of the basal ganglia?
important for controlling smooth movements
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lesions to the basal ganglia will therefore result in problems such as?
parkinsons, cerebral palsy, huntingtons
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Where can the limbic system be found?
within the telencephalon of the forebrain
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What is the limbic system made up of?
Hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, septum and cingulate
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Where is the thalamus located?
in the diencephalon of the forebrain
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How many thalamus are there and how many nuclei do they have.
2 thalamus, 6 nuclei
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What is the primary function of the thalamus?
relays sensory information
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Where does the thalamus receive visual input from?
the retina
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Where does the thalamus receive auditory input from?
Inferior colliculus, Macular Geniculate Nucleus
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Where does the thalamus receive somatosensory input from?
Somatosensory organs, VPN and primary sensory cortex
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Where is the hypothalamus (within each section)
in the diencephalon of the forebrain, sitting inferior to the thalamus.
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How many hypothalamus are there?
2: one in each hemisphere
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What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?
controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine system (survival behaviours)
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What are the two structures within the Mesencephalon?
The Tectum and Tegmentum
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How many parts does the tectum have and what are these called?
2; the superior and inferior colliculi
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What is the location of the tegmentum?
in the mesencephalon of the midbrain,laying inferior to the tectum
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what are the structures contained within the tegmenjtum?
reticular formation, periaqueductal gray matter, red nucleus, substantial nigra, ventral segmental area
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what is the primary function of the tegmentum?
maintenance of arousal & consciousness
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aside from arousal and consciousness, the tegmentum is also implicated in what?
the rewarding effects of drug related behaviours.
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Where is the cerebellum?
In the metencephalon of the hindbrain
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What are the functions of the cerebellum?
Helps maintain bodies equilibrium, postural reflexes and coordination, controls skilled movements
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what proportion of the brain's volume is held by the cerebellum?
1/3
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Where is the pons?
in the mesencephalon of the hindbrain
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what is the primary function of the pons?
relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum
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Where is the medulla oblongata?
in the myelencephalon of the hindbrain
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The medulla oblongata is an extension of what part of the CNS?
spinal cord
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what are the primary functions of the medulla oblongata?
controls vital reflexes, regulates heart rate and breathing rate
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damage to the medulla oblongata is generally...?
fatal
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
How many connections are in the brain?
Back
Approximately 10,000
Card 3
Front
What did ancient cultures believe about our thoughts?
Back
Card 4
Front
Who were the first culture to acknowledge the importance if the brain?
Back
Card 5
Front
What did Aristotle believe about the brain?
Back
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