Neuroscience - Nervous System
- Created by: HannahSusanRussell
- Created on: 25-04-20 11:18
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- Neuroscience : NS & Brain
- Central Nervous System: control & regulation of physiological processes
- CNS: The brain and the spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System: Cranial Nerves (attached to the brain) and spinal nerves (throughout the body)
- CNS communicates with the body through the nerves of the PNS
- Central Nervous System: control & regulation of physiological processes
- CNS: The brain and the spinal cord
- Central Nervous System: control & regulation of physiological processes
- Nerves carry incoming and outgoing information to/from sense organs, glands and muscles.
- The brain sends signals through the nerves to the muscles (causing behaviour) and the glands (producing internal physiological processes)
- CNS communicates with the body through the nerves of the PNS
- Modularity: there are functionally specialized regions in the brain that are domain specific for different cognitive processes
- The human brain has three main parts: Brain stem, cerebellum & cerebral hemisphere.
- Neurons
- Myelination
- action potential
- Neurotransmitters
- Dopamine, Serotonin & noradrenaline
- Synapses: the conjuction of a terminal button of one neurone and the membrane of the next cell
- The terminal button belongs to the presynaptic neuron (the first neutron that sends the message)
- The membrane belongs to the postsynaptic neuron (the cell receiving the message)
- Motor neurone forms synapses with a muscle and controls its contractions. The strength of the contraction controls the strength of the motor reaction.
- The terminal button belongs to the presynaptic neuron (the first neutron that sends the message)
- The membrane belongs to the postsynaptic neuron (the cell receiving the message)
- Motor neurone forms synapses with a muscle and controls its contractions. The strength of the contraction controls the strength of the motor reaction.
- Reactions in the postsynaptic neuron are triggered by protein molecules called receptor molecules.
- Key in Lock : activates response
- Motor neurone forms synapses with a muscle and controls its contractions. The strength of the contraction controls the strength of the motor reaction.
- The membrane belongs to the postsynaptic neuron (the cell receiving the message)
- The terminal button belongs to the presynaptic neuron (the first neutron that sends the message)
- Reactions in the postsynaptic neuron are triggered by protein molecules called receptor molecules.
- Key in Lock : activates response
- Motor neurone forms synapses with a muscle and controls its contractions. The strength of the contraction controls the strength of the motor reaction.
- The membrane belongs to the postsynaptic neuron (the cell receiving the message)
- The terminal button belongs to the presynaptic neuron (the first neutron that sends the message)
- Excitatory synapses excite the postsynaptic neurone to increase likelihood of firing the axon.
- Inhibitory reduce the likelihood of the firing axon.
- Excitory effect is achieved by a release of transmitter subject into the synaptic cleft between the pre (terminal button) and postsynaptic neurone (membrane)
- The effect is then terminated via reuptake.
- Inhibitory reduce the likelihood of the firing axon.
- Techniques
- Lesioning using stereotaxic apparatus for things such as Parkinson's (remove or insert wires to neural connections)
- EEG : Electrical activity of CNS neurone via electrodes - non invasive and realtime.
- EDR: Electrical activity of the skin eg: sweat glands
- POOR Spacial (clarity) Good temporal (time)
- EMG: Skeletal muscular electrical activity.
- EEG : Electrical activity of CNS neurone via electrodes - non invasive and realtime.
- EDR: Electrical activity of the skin eg: sweat glands
- POOR Spacial (clarity) Good temporal (time)
- EEG : Electrical activity of CNS neurone via electrodes - non invasive and realtime.
- ECG : Heart rate (contractions)
- Neuroimagery
- CT : brain structure image (invasive- using X-ray)
- MEG: magnetic current of neurone (can localise unlike EEG)
- PET : INVASIVE measure of blood flow, brain metabolism, glucose - radioactive
- fMRI: brain activity using magnetic and radio waves
- Good Spacial (clarity) POOR temporal (time)
- TMS: Transcranial motoring of cortical activity across magnetic fields.
- DRUGS
- Drugs facilitate / interfere with synaptic activity - stimulate or reuptake the synaptic receptors.
- Drugs can also block activity entirely eg: botulinum toxin
- Alchohol, Barbiturates & tranquillizers depress neural activity
- Sedation
- Anphetamine and cocaine stimulate the brain by retarding reuptake... opioids duplicate natural opiates, decreasing pain sensitivity and increasing pleasure and euphoria.
- Hallucinogentic effects may be due to levels of conciousnessand serotonin secretion.
- Drugs facilitate / interfere with synaptic activity - stimulate or reuptake the synaptic receptors.
- Central Nervous System: control & regulation of physiological processes
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