The Cardiovascular System

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  • Created by: Bethey23
  • Created on: 25-04-21 09:51
Describe the basic structure of the heart
- Divided into 2 sides the left + right
- There are 4 chambers of the heart: the right atria, the right ventricle, the left atria + the left ventricle
- There are 2 sides of the heart divided by the 'septum', which is a thin partition of myocardium covere
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What is the heart responsible for?
- Pumping blood around the body
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What does the human heart technically consist of?
- Two 'pumps': de-oxygenated blood pump + the oxygenated blood pump
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Describe the de-oxygenated blood pump
- De-oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the inferior vena cava + superior vena cava
- This then enters the right atria, pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
- Pumped through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery
- This
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Describe the oxygenated blood pump
- This oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart via the four pulmonary veins (2 from the right + 2 from the left)
- Pumped through the mitral (bicuspid valve) into the left ventricle
- Here the blood is pumped through the aortic valve into the main aorta
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How are the two atria separated by the ventricles?
- By 'one-way' valves
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Which valve is on the right-hand side of the heart that separates the atria from the ventricle?
- The tricuspid valve (three flaps)
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Which valve is on the left-hand side of the heart that separates the atria from the ventricled?
- The mitral (bicuspid) valve (two flaps)
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What is the function of the valves themselves?
- To stop blood from flowing back
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What do the pulmonary + aortic semilunar valves refer to?
- The three half-moon shaped cusps
- They enable the blood to flow into the aorta/ pulmonary artery
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Why do the ventricles have thicker walls than the atria?
- This is due to the force required + generated by to pump the blood (on either) side
- The muscular walls are thicker than the atria, because they have to pump blood out of the heart
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Which side of the heart is thicker + why?
- The left-side as the left-ventricle has to pump blood at a higher pressure so that it reaches all areas of the body (including the fingers + toes), but the right-side only has to pump blood a shorter distance to the lungs
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How do the ventricles contract?
- Simultaneously (at the same time)
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What is the septum called + what is its muscular structure?
- Intraventricular septum
- Covered in a layer of endocardium muscle
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What is systole in relation to the heart?
- The time between 'lub' + 'dub'
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What is diastole in relation to the heart?
- The time before the next beat + when the heart is filling again
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What happens when the heart pushes blood around the body during systole?
- The pressure placed on the vessels increases
- This is called systolic pressure
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What happens when the heart relaxes between beats + refills with blood?
- Blood pressure drops
- This is called diastolic pressure
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How many core layers is the heart made up of?
- Three
- The pericardium (also referred to as the epicardium)
- The myocardium (middle-layer)
- The endocardium (inner-layer)
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Describe the pericardium (epicardium)
- Double-layered
- Fibrous/ serous layer which covers the outside of the heart
- Space between the double layer is filled with pericardial fluid (this protects the heart/ acts as a buffer)
- Fibrous pericardium is elastic-connective tissue, anchors the he
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Describe the pericardium (epicardium) (continued)
.... during heart activity
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Describe the myocardium (middle-layer)
- Specialised cardiac muscle
- Striated + involuntary (makes up the majority of the muscle mass within the heart)
- Highly resistant to fatigue + relies on a high supply of oxygen
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Describe the endocardium (inner-layer)
- Smooth muscle
- Allows flow of blood inside the heart
- Connected seamlessly to the lining of the blood vessels
- Thicker in the atria than in the ventricles
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What is the cardiac cycle
- Refers to the complete filling + emptying of blood into + out of the heart (from one heart beat to the next)
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What is systole?
- The contraction of either the atria or the ventricles
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What is diastole?
- The relaxation of either the atria or the ventricles
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Which sound 'lub' or 'dub' is louder?
- 'LUB'
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What creates the 'lub' sound + what creates the 'dub' sound?
- The 'lub' sound is created by the closure of the atrioventricular valves
- The 'dub' sound is created by the closure of the pulmonary + aortic valves (end of ventricular systole)
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Give a brief description of the cardiac cycle stages
1. De-oxygenated + oxygenated blood enters the right + left atria's at the same time. Ventricles are relaxed (ventricular diastole). Blood passes through the atrioventricular valves. Higher pressure in the pulmonary artery + aorta keeps the pulmonary + ao
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the heart responsible for?

Back

- Pumping blood around the body

Card 3

Front

What does the human heart technically consist of?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Describe the de-oxygenated blood pump

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Describe the oxygenated blood pump

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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