STRESS IN EVERYDAY LIFE

HOMES AND RAHE- Procedure outline (LIFE CHANGES)

4000 individuals rate readjustment of 43 common life events. Average score = Life Change Units

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HOMES AND RAHE- Finding proposal (LIFE CHANGES)

Less than 150 = low risk of stress-related illness. 150-300 = 50% risk of illness in next 2 years. 300+ = 80% risk of illness in next 2 years.

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RAHE ET AL- Procedure outline (LIFE CHANGES)

2,700 navy personnel asked to list life events in past 6 months= LCU score. Illness score obtained during 7 month tour of duty.

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RAHE ET AL- Aim (LIFE CHANGES)

Look at whether there is a positive correlation between number of life events and illness experienced.

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RAHE ET AL- Findings (LIFE CHANGES)

Significant positive correlation of 0.118 between LCU score and illness score.

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RAHE ET AL- Conclusion (LIFE CHANGES)

Life change linked with development of illness. But readjustment is important factor as both positive and negative life changes were correlated.

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RAHE ET AL- Strength (LIFE CHANGES)

Correlational research. So strength of relationship can be determined. To what extent was the number of life events positively correlated to the illness experienced.

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RAHE ET AL- Weakness (LIFE CHANGES)

Population bias as studied only US, male, navy personnel. Means that findings cannot be generalised to a wider population.

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DELONGIS ET AL- Procedure (DAILY HASSLES)

Compared hassles scale and life events scale as predictors of later health problems. Studied effects of uplifts. 100 pp's 45-64 questionnaires 1/month for a year.

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DELONGIS ET AL- Findings (DAILY HASSLES)

correlations with health problems greater for hassles than life events. Daily uplifts= little effect on health.

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DELONGIS ET AL- Conclusions (DAILY HASSLES)

Daily hassles have greater impact on health than life events.

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BOUTEYRE ET AL- Procedure (DAILY HASSLES)

Investigated relationship between daily hassles and mental health. Students transitioning from school to uni. !st year phsych students at French uni completed hasles questionnaire

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BOUTEYRE ET AL- Findings (DAILY HASSLES)

41% students showed depressive symptoms. Positive correlation between questionnaire scores and likelihood of depressive symptoms.

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BOUTEYRE ET AL- Conclusion (DAILY HASSLES)

Transition fraught with daily hassles and significant risk factor for depression.

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GERVAIS- Procedure (DAILY HASSLES)

Asked nurses to keep a diary for 1 month recording hassles and uplifts at work. Asked also to rate own performance.

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GERVAIS- Findings (DAILY HASSLES)

After month, found that daily hassles increase job strain and decrease performance. Nurses felt that uplifts counteracted hassles and improved performance.

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GERVAIS- Conclusions (DAILY HASSLES)

Daily hassles can increase amount of stress but can be counteracted to some degree by uplifts.

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DAILY HASSLES- Strength

Practical application.Tell us that hassles have a negative effect on health, so practical steps can be taken

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DAILY HASSLES- Weaknesses

Retrospective questioning- means that findings may not be accurate to what actually happened. Problems with accuracy. Also correlational. Therefore cannot tell that daily hassles lead to stress and stress related illness.

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MARMOT ET AL- Procedure (WORKPLACE STRESSORS)

7372 male and female civil service employees.pp's answered a questionnaire related to their role (how much control in job). They were then examined for signs of CHD. Reassessed 5 years later.

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MARMOT ET AL- Findings (WORKPLACE STRESSORS)

A negative correlation found between job control and stress-related illness. PP's with least job control 1.5-2.2 times more likely to have cardiovascular symptoms.

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MARMOT ET AL- Conclusion (WORKPLACE STRESSORS)

People in low control jobs most likely to suffer from stress-related CHD.

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MARMOT ET AL- Weakness (WORKPLACE STRESSORS)

Some measures of CHD lack reliability and validity as based on self-reported symptoms not doctor's diagnosis.

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MARMOT ET AL- Strength (WORKPLACE STRESSORS)

Population validity. Very large sample number of men and women so population represented. Therefore, results can be generalised to the wider population.

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JOHANSSON ET AL- Procedure (WORKPLACE STRESSORS)

Compared 2 groups of employees working in a Swedish sawmill. Group1 = sawyers- high workload with repetitive tasks and responsibility. Group 2 = maintenance workers- lower workload.

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JOHANSSON ET AL- Findings (WORKPLACE STRESSORS)

Sawyers had higher leveld of adrenaline in their urine. also higher levels of stress hormone on work days and more days absent.

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JOHANSSON ET AL- Strengths

Practical application. Clear that high workload causes stress so employers can make practical steps to improve health and lower absence.

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JOHANSSON ET AL- Weakness

Clarity. Study does not identify which aspects of job were most stressful. Could be low levels of control, physical isolation or responsibility. Results not clear.

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HOBSON & BEACH- Procedure (WORKPLACE STRESSORS)

Managers at 2 different factories completed questionnaires and work diaries.

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HOBSON & BEACH- Findings (WORKPLACE STRESSORS)

Workload not found to be associated with stress but was associated with individual perception of work stressors which was associated with mental health.

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HOBSON & BEACH- Conclusions (WORKPLACE STRESSORS)

Suggests that perceived workload was more important in determining stress than workload- implying a cognitive component to stress-related health risks.

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HOBSON & BEACH- Strength

Practical application for employers in managing workload and the perception of workload.

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HOBSON & BEACH- Weakness

Problems with self-report methods such as questionnaires as personal thoughts may not reflect scientific truth.

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Type A (PERSONALITY FACTORS)

Competitive, Impatient and Hostile/aggressive

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Type B (PERSONALITY FACTORS)

Non-competitive, Not time pressured and positive.

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FRIEDMAN & ROSENMAN- Procedure (PERSONALITY FACTORS)

3454 middle class Californian men between 39 and 59 free from signs of CHD labelled Type A or B through interview. Followed for 8 1/2 years and then examined for signs of CHD.

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FRIEDMAN & ROSENMAN- Findings (PERSONALITY FACTORS)

Within Type A- 12.8% had a heart attack, and 2.7% had a fatal heart attack. Within Type B, 6% had a heart attack, and 1.1% had a fatal heart attack.

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FRIEDMAN & ROSENMAN- Conclusions (PERSONALITY FACTORS)

Suggests a possible link between Type A personality and an increased risk of CHD.

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FRIEDMAN & ROSENMAN- Strength

PP's volunteered to do study, gave fully informed consent and were fully debriefed, so no ethical issues.

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FRIEDMAN & ROSENMAN- Weakness

Culture and Gender Bias so results may not have population validity.

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The Hardy Personality- definition (PERSONALITY FACTORS)

CONTROL= Belief that you have control over your life, not outside influences. COMMITMENT= Seeing the world as something to engage with. Feeling a sense of purpose in our activities. CHALLENGE= Life events and changes are challenges to overcome

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KOBASA- Procedure (PERSONALITY FACTORS)

Studied 800 business executives using SRRS as measurement of stress. 150 classified as high stress. Some of these had a high illness record and others a low one. Meant that it was something other than stress influencing the development of illness.

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KOBASA- Findings (PERSONALITY FACTORS)

The individuals in high stress/low illness group scored high on all 3 C's whereas the high stress/high illness group scored lower on 3 C's

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KOBASA- Conclusion (PERSONALITY FACTORS)

People with Hardy personality more resilient to stress-related illness when under high levels of stress.

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KOBASA- Weakness

Sample Bias: majority of Kobasa's work conducted on male white-collar workers, so findings are difficult to generalise. In addition, stress and coping strategies differ between genders.

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KOBASA- Strengths

His studies have implications for stress management e.g. teaching stressed people to become Hardy.

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BENZODIAZEPINES- (BIOLOGICAL METHODS OF STRESS MANAGEMENT)

Work in the brain by increasing actin of GABA which reduced activity of other neurotransmitters. GABA inhibits action of noradrenaline and seratonin which lowers arousal so decreases anxiety.

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BENZODIAZEPINES- Strength

Effectiveness- Kahn et al followed nearly 250 patients over 8 weeks and found that BZ's were more effective than a placebo. Ease of use. Compared to psychological stress management techniques, drug therapy requires little effort and works quickly.

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BENZODIAZEPINES- Weakness

Addiction. BZ's can lead to physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms may occur if drug is stopped quickly. Side effects. BZ's can produce feelings of tiredness and impaired motor coronation and memory ability.

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BETA-BLOCKERS- (BIOLOGICAL METHODS OF STRESS MANAGEMENT)

Acts directly on the heart and circulatory systems. Reduce activity of adrenaline ad noradrenaline by binding to receptors on the cells of the heart which makes the heart beat faster- lower blood pressure and calmer individual.

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BETA-BLOCKERS- Strength

Effectiveness- work very quickly at reducing heart rate and blood pressure, reducing the cardiovascular reactions to stress. Side-effects- some research has suggested a risk of developmental diabetes and the drug could be problematic for asthmatics.

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COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY- STRESS INOCULATION THERAPY- Conceptualisation- (PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS OF STRESS MANAGEMENT)

Client taught about impact of stressors and asked to consider how they deal with stressful situations. Client and therapist discus how successful strategies have been.

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COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY- STRESS INOCULATION THERAPY- Skills Acquisition and Rehearsal- (PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS OF STRESS MANAGEMENT)

Therapist teaches new ways of coping with stressful situations: Direct action- through exercise which might help reduce physiological arousal or Cognitive coping- learning positive strategies which counteract negative statements.

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COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY- STRESS INOCULATION THERAPY- Application & Follow through- (PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS OF STRESS MANAGEMENT)

Once the client has learned these behavioural and cognitive skills, they are given opportunities to use them in different situations- guided through stressful situations. Various techniques may be used such as imagining what to do. Follow on sessions

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COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY- STRESS INOCULATION THERAPY- Strength

Effectiveness- Meichenbaum compared SIT with systematic desensitisation as a way of dealing with snake phobias. Both could reduce the phobia but SIT helped with a second phobia. SIT can 'innoculate' individuals against future stressful situations.

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COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY- STRESS INOCULATION THERAPY- Weakness

Time consuming- SIT requires lots of time, effort and motivation in comparison with other stress management techniques such as drug therapy.

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COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY- HARDINESS TRAINING- focusing- (PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS FOR REDUCING STRESS)

the client is trained to spot the physical signs of stress and potential stressors. Stressors must be identified by the client before they can deal with them.

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COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY- HARDINESS TRAINING- Reconstructing Stressful Situations - (PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS FOR REDUCING STRESS)

client analyses recent stressful encounters which gives insight into their coping strategies. This enables them to see how the stressors could have been dealt with more effectively but also to see that their coping methods may be more effective thant

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COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY- HARDINESS TRAINING- Self-improvement - (PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS FOR REDUCING STRESS)

Kobasa believed that our perceived ability to change things has a big effect on how we deal with stressors. If we believe we can change things to reduce stress, we should be able to cope- if we can't change a stressor, we should focus on what we can.

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COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY- HARDINESS TRAINING- Strength

Real-world applications- Fletcher reported on how Olympic swimmers were able to effectively use Hardy Training to make sure they were committed to the challenge of increasing performance and deal with daily stressors which may have hampered training.

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COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY- HARDINESS TRAINING- Weakness

Time-consuming- It requires time, motivation and effort from the individual.

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STRESS IN EVERYDAY LIFE

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